Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Climate change and global cycling of persistent organic pollutants: A critical review

  • Review
  • Published:
Science China Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Climate warming, one of the main features of global change, has exerted indelible impacts on the environment, among which the impact on the transport and fate of pollutants has aroused widespread concern. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a class of pollutants that are transported worldwide. Determining the impact of climate warming on the global cycling of POPs is important for understanding POP cycling processes and formulating relevant environmental policies. In this review, the main research findings in this field over the past ten years are summarized and the effects of climate warming on emissions, transport, storage, degradation and toxicity of POPs are reviewed. This review also summarizes the primary POP fate models and their application. Additionally, research gaps and future research directions are identified and suggested. Under the influence of climate change, global cycling of POPs mainly shows the following responses. (1) Global warming directly promotes the secondary emission of POPs; for example, temperature rise will cause POPs to be re-released from soils and oceans, and melting glaciers and permafrost can re-release POPs into freshwater ecosystems. (2) Global extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, result in the redistribution of POPs through intense soil erosion. (3) The changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean currents have significantly influenced the global transport of POPs. (4) Climate warming has altered marine biological productivity, which has changed the POP storage capacity of the ocean. (5) Aquatic and terrestrial food-chain structures have undergone significant changes, which could lead to amplification of POP toxicity in ecosystems. (6) Overall, warming accelerates the POP volatilization process and increases the amount of POPs in the environment, although global warming facilitates their degradation at the same time. (7) Various models have predicted the future environmental behaviors of POPs. These models are used to assist governments in comprehensively considering the impact of global warming on the environmental fate of POPs and therefore controlling POPs effectively. Future studies should focus on the synergistic effects of global changes on the cycling of POPs. Additionally, the interactions among global carbon cycling, water cycling and POP cycling will be a new research direction for better understanding the adaptation of ecosystems to climate change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Becker S, Halsall C J, Tych W, Hung H, Attewell S, Blanchard P, Li H, Fellin P, Stern G, Billeck B. 2006. Resolving the long-term trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol, 40: 3217–3222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettinetti R, Quadroni S, Galassi S, Bacchetta R, Bonardi L, Vailati G. 2008. Is meltwater from Alpine glaciers a secondary DDT source for lakes? Chemosphere, 73: 1027–1031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman T F. 1999. Atmospheric Transport and Air-Surface Exchange of Pesticides, Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment. Amsterdam: Springer Netherlands. 115–166

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blais J M, Schindler D W, Muir D C, Sharp M, Donald D, Lafreniere M, Braekevelt E, Strachan W M. 2001. Melting glaciers: A major source of persistent organochlorines to subalpine Bow Lake in Banff National Park, Canada. Ambio, 30: 410–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blais J. 2005. Biogeochemistry of persistent bioaccumulative toxicants: Processes affecting the transport of contaminants to remote areas. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 62: 236–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdal C, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Anselmetti F S, Scheringer M, Hungerbuhler K. 2009. Blast from the past: Melting glaciers as a relevant source for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 8173–8177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgå K, Saloranta T M, Ruus A. 2010. Simulating climate change-induced alterations in bioaccumulation of organic contaminants in an Arctic marine food web. Environ Toxicol Chem, 29: 1349–1357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botkin D B, Saxe H, Araujo M B, Betts R, Bradshaw R H, Cedhagen T, Chesson P, Dawson T P, Etterson J R, Faith D P. 2007. Forecasting the effects of global warming on biodiversity. Bioscience, 57: 227–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brander K M. 2007. Global fish production and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104: 19709–19714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman H A. 1991. Global air Pollution: Problems for the 1990’s. Devon: Belhaven Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Broomhall S. 2002. The effects of endosulfan and variable water temperature on survivorship and subsequent vulnerability to predation in Litoria citropa tadpoles. Aquat Toxicol, 61: 243–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broomhall S D. 2004. Egg temperature modifies predator avoidance and the effects of the insecticide endosulfan on tadpoles of an Australian frog. J Appl Ecol, 41: 105–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker W W, Hites R A. 1998. OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J Phys Chem A, 102: 915–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchwalter D B, Jenkins J J, Curtis L R. 2003. Temperature influences on water permeability and chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects with differing respiratory strategies. Environm Toxicol Chem, 22: 2806–2812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burek K A, Gulland F M, O’Hara T M. 2008. Effects of climate change on Arctic marine mammal health. Ecol Appl, 18: 126–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustnes J O, Yoccoz N G, Bangjord G, Herzke D, Ahrens L, Skaare J U. 2011. Impacts of climate and feeding conditions on the annual accumulation (1986–2009) of persistent organic pollutants in a terrestrial raptor. Environ Sci Technol, 45: 7542–7547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrerizo A, Dachs J, Moeckel C, Ojeda M J, Caballero G, Barceló D, Jones K C. 2011. Factors influencing the soil-air partitioning and the strength of soils as a secondary source of polychlorinated biphenyls to the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol, 45: 4785–4792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao M, Woodward F I. 1998. Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393: 249–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capkin E, Altinok I, Karahan S. 2006. Water quality and fish size affect toxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, to rainbow trout. Chemosphere, 64: 1793–1800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Jiménez J, Berrojalbiz N, Wollgast J, Dachs J. 2012. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mediterranean Sea: Atmospheric occurrence, deposition and decoupling with settling fluxes in the water column. Environ Pollut, 166: 40–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Channa K, Röllin H B, Nøst T H, Odland J Ø, Sandanger T M. 2012. Prenatal exposure to DDT in malaria endemic region following indoor residual spraying and in non-malaria coastal regions of South Africa. Sci Total Environ, 429: 183–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Wang T, Naile J E, Li J, Geng J, Bi C, Hu W, Zhang X, Khim J S, Feng Y. 2011. Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic products from Bohai Bay, Tianjin, China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess, 17: 1279–1291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christoudias T, Pozzer A, Lelieveld J. 2012. Influence of the North Atlantic oscillation on air pollution transport. Atmos Chem Phy, 12: 869–877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox P M, Betts R A, Jones C D, Spall S A, Totterdell I J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature, 408: 184–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng C S, Campbell M, Li Q, Li G, Auld H, Day N, Pengelly D, Gingrich S, Yap D. 2007. A synoptic climatological approach to assess climatic impact on air quality in south-central Canada. Part II: Future estimates. Water Air Soil Pollut, 182: 117–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Dachs J, Bayona J M, Ittekkot V, Albaigés J. 1999. Monsoon-driven vertical fluxes of organic pollutants in the western Arabian Sea. Environ Sci Technol, 33: 3949–3956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dachs J, Eisenreich S J, Hoff R M. 2000. Influence of eutrophication on air-water exchange, vertical fluxes, and phytoplankton concentrations of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol, 34: 1095–1102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dachs J, Lohmann R, Ockenden W A, Méjanelle L, Eisenreich S J, Jones K C. 2002. Oceanic biogeochemical controls on global dynamics of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol, 36: 4229–4237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalla Valle M, Jurado E, Dachs J, Sweetman A J, Jones K C. 2005. The maximum reservoir capacity of soils for persistent organic pollutants: Implications for global cycling. Environ Pollut, 134: 153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalla Valle M, Codato E, Marcomini A. 2007. Climate change influence on POPs distribution and fate: A case study. Chemosphere, 67: 1287–1295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterling D R, Meehl G A, Parmesan C, Changnon S A, Karl T R, Mearns L O. 2000. Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science, 289: 2068–2074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans M S, Muir D, Lockhart W L, Stern G, Ryan M, Roach P. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants and metals in the freshwater biota of the Canadian Subarctic and Arctic: An overview. Sci Total Environ, 351: 94–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández P, Grimalt J O. 2003. On the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Chimia Int J Chem, 57: 514–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frierson D M, Hwang Y T. 2012. Extratropical influence on ITCZ shifts in slab ocean simulations of global warming. J Clim, 25: 720–733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Ma J, Cao Z, Dove A, Zhang L. 2010. Trend and climate signals in seasonal air concentration of organochlorine pesticides over the Great Lakes. J Geophys Res, 115: D15307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galbán-Malagón C, Berrojalbiz N, Ojeda M J, Dachs J. 2012. The oceanic biological pump modulates the atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to the Arctic. Nat Commun, 3: 862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geisz H N, Dickhut R M, Cochran M A, Fraser W R, Ducklow H W. 2008. Melting glaciers: A probable source of DDT to the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Environ Sci Technol, 42: 3958–3962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Gutiérrez A, Garnacho E, Bayona J M, Albaigés J. 2007. Assessment of the Mediterranean sediments contamination by persistent organic pollutants. Environ Pollut, 148: 396–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giesy J P, Kannan K. 2002. Peer reviewed: Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment. Environ Sci Technol, 36: 146–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Githeko A K, Lindsay S W, Confalonieri U E, Patz J A. 2000. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A regional analysis. B World Health Organ, 78: 1136–1147

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouin T, Mackay D, Jones K C, Harner T, Meijer S N. 2004. Evidence for the “grasshopper” effect and fractionation during long-range atmospheric transport of organic contaminants. Environ Pollut, 128: 139–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin T, Armitage J M, Cousins I T, Muir D C, Ng C A, Reid L, Tao S. 2013. Influence of global climate change on chemical fate and bioaccumulation: The role of multimedia models. Environ Toxicol Chem, 32: 20–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grannas A, Bogdal C, Hageman K, Halsall C, Harner T, Hung H, Kallenborn R, Klán P, Klánová J, Macdonald R. 2013. The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants. Atmosph Chem Phys, 13: 3271–3305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan B J 2003. The present situation and analysis of world forest resources (in Chinese). World Forest Res, 16: 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmo F, Lammel G, Maier-Reimer E. 2009. Global environmental cycling of γ-HCH and DDT in the 1980s–A study using a coupled atmosphere and ocean general circulation model. Chemosphere, 76: 1509–1517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmo F, Stemmler I, Lammel G. 2012. The impact of organochlorines cycling in the cryosphere on their global distribution and fate–1. Sea ice. Environ Pollut, 162: 475–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held I M, Soden B J. 2006. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J Clim, 19: 5686–5699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanson M H, Isaksson E, Teixeira C, Muir D C, Compher K M, Li Y, Igarashi M, Kamiyama K 2005. Current-use and legacy pesticide history in the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, Norway. Environ Sci Technol, 39: 8163–8169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermanson M H, Isaksson E, Forsstrom S, Teixeira C, Muir D C, Pohjola V A, Van de Wal R S. 2010. Deposition history of brominated flame retardant compounds in an ice core from Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, Norway. Environ Sci Technol, 44: 7405–7410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano T, Ishida T, Oh K, Sudo R. 2007. Biodegradation of chlordane and hexachlorobenzenes in river sediment. Chemosphere, 67: 428–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno J F. 2010. The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328: 1523–1528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann L, Stemmler I, Lammel G. 2012. The impact of organochlorines cycling in the cryosphere on global distributions and fate–2. Land ice and temporary snow cover. Environ Pollut, 162: 482–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogrefe C, Lynn B, Civerolo K, Ku J Y, Rosenthal J, Rosenzweig C, Goldberg R, Gaffin S, Knowlton K, Kinney P. 2004. Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions. J Geophys Res, 109: D22301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holoubek I, Klanova J, Jarkovský J, Kohoutek J. 2007. Trends in background levels of persistent organic pollutants at Kosetice observatory, Czech Republic. Part I. Ambient air and wet deposition 1996–2005. J Environm Monit, 9: 557–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong S, Lee K, Hou S, Hur S D, Ren J, Burn L J, Rosman K J, Barbante C, Boutron C F. 2009. An 800-year record of atmospheric As, Mo, Sn, and Sb in central Asia in high-altitude ice cores from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), Himalayas. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 8060–8065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horstmann M, Mclachlan M S. 1998. Atmospheric deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to two forest canopies. Atmos Environ, 32: 1799–1809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Gong S, Zhao T, Neary L, Barrie L. 2007. GEM/POPs: A global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants–Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs. Atmos Chem Phys, 7: 4015–4025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Xu Y, Li J, Xu W, Zhang G, Cheng Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Tian C. 2013. Organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere and surface water from the equatorial Indian Ocean: Enantiomeric signatures, sources, and fate. Environ Sci Technol, 47: 13395–13403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes L. 2000. Biological consequences of global warming: Is the signal already apparent? Trends Ecol Evol, 15: 56–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung H, Blanchard P, Halsall C J, Bidleman T, Stern G, Fellin P, Muir D, Barrie L, Jantunen L, Helm P. 2005. Temporal and spatial variabilities of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Canadian Arctic: Results from a decade of monitoring. Sci Total Environ, 342: 119–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung H, Kallenborn R, Breivik K, Su Y, Brorström-Lundén E, Olafsdottir K, Thorlacius J M, Leppänen S, Bossi R, Skov H. 2010. Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993–2006. Sci Total Environ, 408: 2854–2873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington T G. 2006. Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. J Hydrol, 319: 83–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyina T, Pohlmann T, Lammel G, Sündermann J. 2006. A fate and transport ocean model for persistent organic pollutants and its application to the North Sea. J Mar Syst, 63: 1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013. In: Stocker T F, Qin D H, Plattner G K, Tignor M, Allen S K, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley P M, eds. Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–28

  • IPCC. 2014. Climate change 2014. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri R K, Meyer L A, eds. Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Switzerland: IPCC. 151

  • Jenssen B M. 2006. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and climate change: A worst-case combination for arctic marine mammals and seabirds? Environ Health Perspect, 114: 76–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones K C, De Voogt P. 1999. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): State of the science. Environ Pollut, 100: 209–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurado E, Jaward F, Lohmann R, Jones K C, Simó R, Dachs J. 2005. Wet deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the global oceans. Environ Sci Technol, 39: 2426–2435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenborn R, Borgå K, Christensen J, Dowdall M, Evenset A, Odland J, Ruus A, Aspmo Pfaffhuber K, Pawlak J, Reiersen L. 2011. Combined effects of selected pollutants and climate change in the Arctic environment. In: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallenborn R, Halsall C, Dellong M, Carlsson P. 2012. The influence of climate change on the global distribution and fate processes of anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants. J Environ Monit, 14: 2854–2869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenborn R, Hung H, Brorström-Lundén E. 2015. Chapter 13-Atmospheric Long-Range Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) into Polar Regions. In: Eddy Y Z, ed. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate and Biological Effects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 411–432

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto K, Urano K. 1990. Parameters for predicting fate of organochlorine pesticides in the environment (III) Biodegradation rate constants. Chemosphere, 21: 1141–1152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim E J, Oh J E, Chang Y S. 2003. Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil. Sci Total Environ, 311: 177–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klöpffer W. 1992. Photochemical degradation of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment: A critical assessment of the state of the art. Sci Total Environ, 123: 145–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komprda J í, Komprdová K r, Sánka M, Mozný M, Nizzetto L. 2013. Influence of climate and land use change on spatially resolved volatilization of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from background soils. Environ Sci Technol, 47: 7052–7059

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong D, MacLeod M, Li Z, Cousins I T. 2013. Effects of input uncertainty and variability on the modelled environmental fate of organic pollutants under global climate change scenarios. Chemosphere, 93: 2086–2093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kong D, MacLeod M, Cousins I T. 2014. Modelling the influence of climate change on the chemical concentrations in the Baltic Sea region with the Popcycling-Baltic model. Chemosphere, 110: 31–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kucklick J R, Hinckley D A, Bidleman T F. 1991. Determination of Henry’s law constants for hexachlorocyclohexanes in distilled water and artificial seawater as a function of temperature. Mar Chem, 34: 197–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok R, Cunningham G, Wensnahan M, Rigor I, Zwally H, Yi D. 2009. Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003–2008. J Geophys Res, 114: C07005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammel G, Stemmler I. 2012. Fractionation and current time trends of PCB congeners: Evolvement of distributions 1950–2010 studied using a global atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Atmos Chem Phys, 12: 7199–7213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamon L, Dalla Valle M, Critto A d, Marcomini A. 2009a. Introducing an integrated climate change perspective in POPs modelling, monitoring and regulation. Environ Pollut, 157: 1971–1980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamon L, von Waldow H, MacLeod M, Scheringer M, Marcomini A, Hungerbuhler K. 2009b. Modeling the global levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in air under a climate change scenario. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 5818–5824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei Y D, Wania F. 2004. Is rain or snow a more efficient scavenger of organic chemicals? Atmos Environ, 38: 3557–3571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin T, Li J, Xu Y, Liu X, Luo C, Cheng H, Chen Y, Zhang G. 2012. Organochlorine pesticides in seawater and the surrounding atmosphere of the marginal seas of China: Spatial distribution, sources and air-water exchange. Sci Total Environ, 435: 244–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay S, Birley M. 1996. Climate change and malaria transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasit, 90: 573–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu G R, Zheng M H. 2013. Progress in the studies associated with formation and emission of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (in Chinese). Sci Sin Chim, 43: 265–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann R, Jurado E, Pilson M E, Dachs J. 2006. Oceanic deep water formation as a sink of persistent organic pollutants. Geophys Res Lett, 33: L12607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y. 2007. Terrestrial carbon-cycle feedback to climate warming. Ann Rev Ecol Evolu Syst, 38: 683–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Venkatesh S, Jantunen L. 2003. Evidence of the impact of ENSO events on temporal trends of hexachlorobenzene air concentrations over the Great Lakes. Sci Total Environ, 313: 177–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Cao Z, Hung H. 2004. North Atlantic oscillation signatures in the atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants: An analysis using integrated atmospheric deposition network-Great Lakes monitoring data. J Geophys Res, 109: D12305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Li Y F. 2006. Interannual variation of persistent organic pollutants over the Great Lakes induced by tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. J Geophys Res, 111: D04302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Cao Z. 2010. Quantifying the perturbations of persistent organic pollutants induced by climate change. Environ Sci Technol, 44: 8567–8573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Hung H, Tian C, Kallenborn R. 2011. Revolatilization of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic induced by climate change. Nat Clim Change, 1: 255–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado C, Bayona J M, Bodineau L. 1999. Sources, distribution, and water column processes of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northwestern Black Sea water. Environ Sci Technol, 33: 2693–2702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald R W, Mackay D, Li Y F, Hickie B. 2003. How will global climate change affect risks from long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants? Hum Ecol Risk Assess, 9: 643–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald R, Harner T, Fyfe J. 2005. Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. Sci Total Environ, 342: 5–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D. 2001. Multimedia environmental models: The fugacity approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod M, Riley W J, Mckone T E. 2005. Assessing the influence of climate variability on atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls using a global-scale mass balance model (BETR-Global). Environ Sci Technol, 39: 6749–6756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maggi V, Villa S, Finizio A, Delmonte B, Casati P, Marino F. 2006. Variability of anthropogenic and natural compounds in high altitude-high accumulation alpine glaciers. Hydrobiologia, 562: 43–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson J, Webster K, Assel R, Bowser C, Dillon P, Eaton J, Evans H, Fee E, Hall R, Mortsch L. 1997. Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian shield region. Hydrol Process, 11: 825–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens W, Jetten T, Rotmans J, Niessen L. 1995. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A global modelling perspective. Glob Environ Change, 5: 195–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maruya K A, Smalling K L, Vetter W. 2005. Temperature and congener structure affect the enantioselectivity of toxaphene elimination by fish. Environ Sci Technol, 39: 3999–4004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan M S, Horstmann M. 1998. Forests as filters of airborne organic pollutants: A model. Environ Sci Technol, 32: 413–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl G A, Washington W M, Collins W D, Arblaster J M, Hu A, Buja L E, Strand W G, Teng H. 2005. How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science, 307: 1769–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer S, Ockenden W, Steinnes E, Corrigan B, Jones K. 2003. Spatial and temporal trends of POPs in Norwegian and UK background air: Implications for global cycling. Environ Sci Technol, 37: 454–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meinshausen M, Meinshausen N, Hare W, Raper S C, Frieler K, Knutti R, Frame D J, Allen M R. 2009. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature, 458: 1158–1162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn R, Nordhaus W D, Shaw D. 1994. The impact of global warming on agriculture: A Ricardian analysis. Am Econ Rev, 84: 753–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T, Wania F. 2007. What environmental fate processes have the strongest influence on a completely persistent organic chemical’s accumulation in the Arctic? Atmos Environ, 41: 2757–2767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T, Wania F. 2008. Organic contaminant amplification during snowmelt. Water Res, 42: 1847–1865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T, Lei Y D, Muradi I, Wania F. 2008a. Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 1. Influence of chemical partitioning. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 657–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer T, Lei Y D, Muradi I, Wania F. 2008b. Organic contaminant release from melting snow. 2. Influence of snow pack and melt characteristics. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 663–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moeckel C, Nizzetto L, Strandberg B, Lindroth A, Jones K C. 2009. Air-Boreal forest transfer and processing of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 5282–5289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadal M, Marquès M, Mari M, Domingo J L. 2015. Climate change and environmental concentrations of POPs: A review. Environ Res, 143: 177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nizzetto L, Macleod M, Borgå K, Cabrerizo A, Dachs J, Guardo A D, Ghirardello D, Hansen K M, Jarvis A, Lindroth A. 2010. Past, present, and future controls on levels of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment. Environ Sci Technol, 44: 6526–6531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes P D, McElwee M K, Miller H D, Clark B W, Van Tiem L A, Walcott K C, Erwin K N, Levin E D. 2009. The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world. Environ Int, 35: 971–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan G, Megson D. 2014. Chapter 1-brief overview: Discovery, regulation, properties, and fate of POPs. In: Sandau G O S, ed. Environmental Forensics for Persistent Organic Pollutants. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 8–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Ockenden W A, Breivik K, Meijer S N, Steinnes E, Sweetman A J, Jones K C. 2003. The global re-cycling of persistent organic pollutants is strongly retarded by soils. Environ Pollut, 121: 75–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Octaviani M, Stemmler I, Lammel G, Graf H F. 2015. Atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to and from the Arctic under present-day and future climate. Environ Sci Technol, 49: 3593–3602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen M, Callaghan T, Reist J, Reiersen L, Dahl-Jensen D, Granskog M, Goodison B, Hovelsrud G, Johansson M, Kallenborn R. 2011. The changing Arctic cryosphere and likely consequences: An overview. Ambio, 40: 111–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paasivirta J, Sinkkonen S, Mikkelson P, Rantio T, Wania F. 1999. Estimation of vapor pressures, solubilities and Henry’s law constants of selected persistent organic pollutants as functions of temperature. Chemosphere, 39: 811–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacyna J M, Cousins I T, Halsall C, Rautio A, Pawlak J, Pacyna E G, Sundseth K, Wilson S, Munthe J. 2015. Impacts on human health in the Arctic owing to climate-induced changes in contaminant cycling-The EU ArcRisk project policy outcome. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 50: 200–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C. 2007. Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming. Glob Change Biol, 13: 1860–1872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry M L, Ruttan V W. 1991. Climate change and world agriculture. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev, 33: 25–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parry M L. 2007. Climate change 2007-impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra R W, Chapman J C, Lim R P, Gehrke P C. 2007. The effects of three organic chemicals on the upper thermal tolerances of four freshwater fishes. Environ Toxicol Chem, 26: 1454–1459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petchey O L, McPhearson P T, Casey T M, Morin P J. 1999. Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function. Nature, 402: 69–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterle T J. 1969. DDT in Antarctic snow. Nature, 224: 620–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petit J R, Jouzel J, Raynaud D, Barkov N I, Barnola J M, Basile I, Bender M, Chappellaz J, Davis M, Delaygue G. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399: 429–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philander S, Gu D, Lambert G, Li T, Halpern D, Lau N, Pacanowski R. 1996. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J Clim, 9: 2958–2972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter J, Parry M, Carter T. 1991. The potential effects of climatic change on agricultural insect pests. Agric For Meteorol, 57: 221–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Racherla P N, Adams P J. 2006. Sensitivity of global tropospheric ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations to climate change. J Geophys Res, 111: D24103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D R, Manguin S, Mouchet J. 2000. DDT house spraying and re-emerging malaria. Lancet, 356: 330–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Yang X, Epstein P R, Chivian E. 2001. Climate change and extreme weather events: Implications for food production, plant diseases, and pests. Glob Change Hum Health, 2: 90–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rühlemann C, Mulitza S, Müller P J, Wefer G, Zahn R. 1999. Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 402: 511–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RůŽicková P, Klánová J, Cupr P, Lammel G, Holoubek I. 2007. An assessment of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides across Central and Southern Europe. Environ Sci Technol, 42: 179–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadasivaiah S, Tozan Y, Breman J G. 2007. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for indoor residual spraying in Africa: How can it be used for malaria control? Am J Trop Med Hyg, 77: 249–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar S, Bhattacharya B, Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee M, Alam A, Satpathy K, Jonathan M. 2008. Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticide residues in tropical coastal environment of India: An overview. Environ Int, 34: 1062–1071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiedek D, Sundelin B, Readman J W, Macdonald R W. 2007. Interactions between climate change and contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull, 54: 1845–1856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler D W, Curtis P J, Bayley S E, Parker B R, Beaty K G, Stainton M P. 1997. Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes. Biogeochemistry, 36: 9–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenk D, Lavado R. 2011. Impacts of climate change on hypersaline conditions of estuaries and xenobiotic toxicity. Aquat Toxicol, 105: 78–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld J H, Pandis S N. 2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 25

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Shukla R, Raghavendra K, Subbarao S K. 2005. Impact of DDT spraying on malaria transmission in Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Vector Borne Dise, 42: 54

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma B M, Bharat G K, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Čupr P, Larssen T. 2014. Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: A systematic review of recent and historical data. Environ Int, 66: 48–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y P, Wang G Y. 2013. Key findings and assessment results of IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report (in Chinese). J Glaciol Geocryol, 35: 1068–1076

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng J, Wang X, Gong P, Joswiak D R, Tian L, Yao T, Jones K C. 2013. Monsoon-driven transport of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls to the Tibetan Plateau: Three year atmospheric monitoring study. Environ Sci Technol, 47: 3199–3208

    Google Scholar 

  • Shindell D, Chin M, Dentener F, Doherty R, Faluvegi G, Fiore A M, Hess P, Koch D, MacKenzie I, Sanderson M. 2008. A multi-model assessment of pollution transport to the Arctic. Atmos Chem Phys, 8: 5353–5372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinkkonen S, Paasivirta J. 2000. Degradation half-life times of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs for environmental fate modeling. Chemosphere, 40: 943–949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobek A, Gustafsson O R. 2014. Deep water masses and sediments are main compartments for polychlorinated biphenyls in the Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol, 48: 6719–6725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton D H. 2004. Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the international health board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT. Public Health Rep, 119: 206

    Google Scholar 

  • Stemmler I, Lammel G. 2009. Cycling of DDT in the global environment 1950–2002: World ocean returns the pollutant. Geophys Res Lett, 36: L24602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stemmler I, Lammel G. 2012. Long-term trends of continental-scale PCB patterns studied using a global atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 19: 1971–1980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson D, Dentener F, Schultz M, Ellingsen K, Van Noije T, Wild O, Zeng G, Amann M, Atherton C, Bell N. 2006. Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone. J Geophys Res, 111: D08301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K. 2007. Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the global environmental fate and long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol, 41: 6192–6198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker T F. 2014. Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki N, Murasawa K, Sakurai T, Nansai K, Matsuhashi K, Moriguchi Y, Tanabe K, Kasugi O, Morita M. 2004. Geo-referenced multimedia environmental fate model (G-CIEMS): Model formulation and comparison to the generic model and monitoring approaches. Environ Sci Technol, 38: 5682–5693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweetman A J, Dalla Valle M, Prevedouros K, Jones K C. 2005. The role of soil organic carbon in the global cycling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Interpreting and modelling field data. Chemosphere, 60: 959–972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theobald N, Caliebe C, Gerwinski W, Hühnerfuss H, Lepom P. 2011. Occurrence of perfluorinated organic acids in the North and Baltic seas. Part 1: Distribution in sea water. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 18: 1057–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson L G, Yao T, Davis M, Henderson K, Mosley-Thompson E, Lin P N, Beer J, Synal H A, Cole-Dai J, Bolzan J. 1997. Tropical climate instability: The last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core. Science, 276: 1821–1825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson L G, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis M E, Lin P N, Henderson K, Mashiotta T A. 2003. Tropical Glacier and Ice Core Evidence of Climate Change on Annual to Millennial Time Scales, Climate Variability and Change in High Elevation Regions: Past, Present & Future. Amsterdam: Springer Netherlands. 137–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian C, Ma J, Chen Y, Liu L, Ma W, Li Y F. 2012. Assessing and forecasting atmospheric outflow of α-HCH from China on intra-, inter-, and decadal time scales. Environ Sci Technol, 46: 2220–2227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP. 2010. Climate change and POPs: Predicting the impacts. Report of the UNEP/AMAP expert group. United Nations Environmental Programme Report. 65

  • Veillette J, Muir D C, Antoniades D, Small J M, Spencer C, Loewen T N, Babaluk J A, Reist J D, Vincent W F. 2012. Perfluorinated chemicals in meromictic lakes on the northern coast of Ellesmere Island, High Arctic Canada. Arctic, 65: 245–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S. 2009. Global sea level linked to global temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106: 21527–21532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villa S, Vighi M, Maggi V, Finizio A, Bolzacchini E. 2003. Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides in an Alpine glacier. J Atmos Chem, 46: 295–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villa S, Negrelli C, Maggi V, Finizio A, Vighi M. 2006. Analysis of a firn core for assessing POP seasonal accumulation on an Alpine glacier. Ecotox Environ Safe, 63: 17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Grisle S, Schlenk D. 2001. Effects of salinity on aldicarb toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis chrysops). Toxicol Sci, 64: 200–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Zhu T, Xu B Q, Kang S C. 2007a. Organochlorine pesticides in fresh-fallen snow on East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest). Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 50: 1097–1102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Yang Z, Saito Y, Liu J P, Sun X, Wang Y. 2007b. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment load (1950–2005): Impacts of climate change and human activities. Glob Planet Change, 57: 331–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Xu B, Kang S, Cong Z, Yao T. 2008. The historical residue trends of DDT, hexachlorocyclohexanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an ice core from Mt. Everest, central Himalayas, China. Atmos Environ, 42: 6699–6709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Wang Y, Liao C, Cai Y, Jiang G. 2009. Perspectives on the inclusion of perfluorooctane sulfonate into the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants 1. Environ Sci Technol, 43: 5171–5175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Gong P, Zhang Q, Yao T. 2010a. Impact of climate fluctuations on deposition of DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane in mountain glaciers: Evidence from ice core records. Environ Pollut, 158: 375–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y W, Cai Y Q, Jiang G B. 2010b. Research processes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) newly listed and candidate POPs in Stockholm Convention (in Chinese). Sci Sin Chim, 40: 99–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Halsall C, Codling G, Xie Z, Xu B, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ebinghaus R, Jones K. 2014. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in Tibetan Mountain Snow: Temporal Patterns from 1980 to 2010. Environ Sci Technol, 48: 173–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Mackay D. 1995. A global distribution model for persistent organic chemicals. Sci Total Environ, 160: 211–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, McLachlan M S. 2001. Estimating the influence of forests on the overall fate of semivolatile organic compounds using a multimedia fate model. Environ Sci Technol, 35: 582–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Daly G L. 2002. Estimating the contribution of degradation in air and deposition to the deep sea to the global loss of PCBs. Atmos Environ, 36: 5581–5593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F. 2003. Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions. Environ Sci Technol, 37: 1344–1351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wania F, Su Y. 2004. Quantifying the global fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls. Ambio, 33: 161–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waring C P, Moore A. 2004. The effect of atrazine on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in fresh water and after sea water transfer. Aquat Toxicol, 66: 93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohrnschimmel H, MacLeod M, Hungerbuhler K. 2013. Emissions, fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants to the Arctic in a changing global climate. Environ Sci Technol, 47: 2323–2330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Z, Moller A, Ahrens L, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. 2011. Brominated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Environ Sci Technol, 45: 1820–1826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Petrick G, Wei S, Gamo T, Lam P K, Kannan K. 2008. Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters. Chemosphere, 70: 1247–1255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y L, Pan J, Li Y, Yin X C, Shi L. 2003. The polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of Qingdao coastal area. Chin Sci Bull, 48: 2244–2251

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang R, Yao T, Xu B, Jiang G, Zheng X. 2008. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in conifer needles in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. Environ Pollut, 153: 92–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z W, Jiang G B, Cai Y Q, Xu H Z, Ma Y A. 2002. Current status of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metal pollution in the surface waters of the Arctic. Chin Sci Bull, 47: 1196–1200

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Zhang B Z, Li S M, Zeng E Y. 2011. Regional dynamics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Pearl River Delta, China: Implications and perspectives. Environ Pollut, 159: 2301–2309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Meyer T, Muir D C, Teixeira C, Wang X, Wania F. 2013. Atmospheric deposition of current use pesticides in the Arctic: Snow core records from the Devon Island Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada. Environ Sci: Process Impacts, 15: 2304–2311

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng M H. 2013. Research progress of persistent organic pollutants (in Chinese). Sci Sin Chim, 43: 253–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong G, Tang J, Xie Z, Möller A, Zhao Z, Sturm R, Chen Y, Tian C, Pan X, Qin W. 2014. Selected current-use and historic-use pesticides in air and seawater of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. J Geophys Res, 119: 1073–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zingde M. 2005. Inputs into the oceans from land/rivers and pollution. In: Gupta H K, ed. Oceanology. India: Universities Press. 92–117

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    XiaoPing Wang, DianChao Sun & TanDong Yao

  2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    XiaoPing Wang & TanDong Yao

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    DianChao Sun

Authors
  1. XiaoPing Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. DianChao Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. TanDong Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to XiaoPing Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, X., Sun, D. & Yao, T. Climate change and global cycling of persistent organic pollutants: A critical review. Sci. China Earth Sci. 59, 1899–1911 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5073-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5073-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation