Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances may decrease as we take measures to control them. However, the patterns and mechanisms of post-disturbance ecosystem succession have rarely been studied. Here we reported that disturbance level determined the importance of stochastic relative to deterministic changes in ecosystem components (plant community composition, soil microbial community composition, and soil physicochemical indices), and thus predefined the pattern of post-disturbance ecosystem succession. We proposed a theoretical framework with five disturbance levels corresponding to distinct succession patterns. We conducted a nitrogen addition experiment in a temperate steppe, monitored these ecosystem components during “disturbance” treatment (2010–2014) and post-treatment “succession” (2014–2018). The disturbance level experienced by each component in each treatment was inferred by fitting the observed succession patterns into the theoretical framework. The mean disturbance level of these components was found to increase quadratically with nitrogen addition rate. This was because increasing nitrogen addition reduced the importance of stochastic relative to deterministic changes in these components, and these changes had a quadratic relationship with disturbance level. Overall, our results suggested that by monitoring the importance of stochastic relative to deterministic changes in an ecosystem, we can estimate disturbance levels and predict succession patterns, as well as propose disturbance-level-dependent strategies for post-disturbance restoration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai, Y., Wu, J., Clark, C.M., Naeem, S., Pan, Q., Huang, J., Zhang, L., and Han, X. (2010). Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: evidence from inner Mongolia Grasslands. Glob Change Biol 16, 358–372.
Bálint, M., Domisch, S., Engelhardt, C.H.M., Haase, P., Lehrian, S., Sauer, J., Theissinger, K., Pauls, S.U., and Nowak, C. (2011). Cryptic biodiversity loss linked to global climate change. Nat Clim Change 1, 313–318.
Bossio, D.A., and Scow, K.M. (1998). Impacts of carbon and flooding on soil microbial communities: Phospholipid Fatty Acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns. Microb Ecol 35, 265–278.
Buisson, E., Le Stradic, S., Silveira, F.A.O., Durigan, G., Overbeck, G.E., Fidelis, A., Fernandes, G.W., Bond, W.J., Hermann, J.M., Mahy, G., et al. (2019). Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands. Biol Rev 94, 590–609.
Carey, C.J., Beman, J.M., Eviner, V.T., Malmstrom, C.M., and Hart, S.C. (2015). Soil microbial community structure is unaltered by plant invasion, vegetation clipping, and nitrogen fertilization in experimental semi-arid grasslands. Front Microbiol 6, 466.
Ferrenberg, S., O’Neill, S.P., Knelman, J.E., Todd, B., Duggan, S., Bradley, D., Robinson, T., Schmidt, S.K., Townsend, A.R., Williams, M.W., et al. (2013). Changes in assembly processes in soil bacterial communities following a wildfire disturbance. ISME J 7, 1102–1111.
Horz, H.P., Barbrook, A., Field, C.B., and Bohannan, B.J.M. (2004). Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria respond to multifactorial global change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 15136–15141.
Li, B., Yong, S.P., and Li, Z.H. (1988). The vegetation of the Xilin River basin and its utilization. In: Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, ed. Research on Grassland Ecosystem. Beijing: Science Press. 84–183.
Moreno-Mateos, D., Barbier, E.B., Jones, P.C., Jones, H.P., Aronson, J., López-López, J.A., McCrackin, M.L., Meli, P., Montoya, D., and Rey Benayas, J.M. (2017). Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt. Nat Commun 8, 14163.
Perring, M.P., Bernhardt-Römermann, M., Baeten, L., Midolo, G., Blondeel, H., Depauw, L., Landuyt, D., Maes, S.L., De Lombaerde, E., Carón, M.M., et al. (2018). Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies. Glob Change Biol 24, 1722–1740.
Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., et al. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774.
Shriver, R.K., Andrews, C.M., Arkle, R.S., Barnard, D.M., Duniway, M.C., Germino, M.J., Pilliod, D.S., Pyke, D.A., Welty, J.L., and Bradford, J.B. (2019). Transient population dynamics impede restoration and may promote ecosystem transformation after disturbance. Ecol Lett 22, 1357–1366.
Swift, M.J., Andren, O., Brussaard, L., Briones, M., Couteaux, M.M., Ekschmitt, K., Kjoller, A., Loiseau, P., and Smith, P. (1998). Global change, soil biodiversity, and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: three case studies. Glob Change Biol 4, 729–743.
Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D., Howarth, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, D.W., Schlesinger, W.H., and Tilman, D.G. (1997). Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol Appl 7, 737–750.
Webster, G., Embley, T.M., and Prosser, J.I. (2002). Grassland management regimens reduce small-scale heterogeneity and species diversity of β-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizer populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 20–30.
Zhang, X., and Han, X. (2012). Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland. J Environ Sci 24, 1483–1491.
Zhang, X., Liu, W., Bai, Y., Zhang, G., and Han, X. (2011). Nitrogen deposition mediates the effects and importance of chance in changing biodiversity. Mol Ecol 20, 429–438.
Zhang, X., Johnston, E.R., Liu, W., Li, L., and Han, X. (2016). Environmental changes affect the assembly of soil bacterial community primarily by mediating stochastic processes. Glob Change Biol 22, 198–207.
Zhang, X., Johnston, E.R., Barberán, A., Ren, Y., Wang, Z., and Han, X. (2018). Effect of intermediate disturbance on soil microbial functional diversity depends on the amount of effective resources. Environ Microbiol 20, 3862–3875.
Zhang, Y., Lü, X., Isbell, F., Stevens, C., Han, X., He, N., Zhang, G., Yu, Q., Huang, J., and Han, X. (2014). Rapid plant species loss at high rates and at low frequency of N addition in temperate steppe. Glob Change Biol 20, 3520–3529.
Zhou, F., Ding, J., Li, T., and Zhang, X. (2020). Plant communities are more sensitive than soil microbial communities to multiple environmental changes in the Eurasian steppe. Glob Ecol Conserv 21, e00779.
Zhou, J., Deng, Y., Zhang, P., Xue, K., Liang, Y., Van Nostrand, J.D., Yang, Y., He, Z., Wu, L., Stahl, D.A., et al. (2014). Stochasticity, succession, and environmental perturbations in a fluidic ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111, E836–E845.
Zhu, J., He, N., Wang, Q., Yuan, G., Wen, D., Yu, G., and Jia, Y. (2015). The composition, spatial patterns, and influencing factors of atmospheric wet nitrogen deposition in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 511, 777–785.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFC0500702), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071547), the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China, and the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. We thank senior editor Ackley L. at Editorbar Language Editing (www.editorbar.com) and Dr. James Voordeckers at University of Oklahoma for polishing the language. We thank Professor Weixing Zhu at Binghamton University — State University of New York for revising the earlier manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Compliance and ethics
The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, J., Xu, M., Pang, S. et al. Disturbance-level-dependent post-disturbance succession in a Eurasian steppe. Sci. China Life Sci. 65, 142–150 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1894-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1894-8