Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differential accumulation of heavy metals in soil profile and corn and soybean grains after 15-year poultry litter application under no-tillage

  • Soils, Sec 4 • Ecotoxicology • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Soils and Sediments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Heavy metal contamination in soil and crop grain due to long-term poultry litter (PL) application is largely unknown under no-till production and subtropical climate. The objective of this study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals in soil profile and corn and soybean grains after 15-year poultry litter application under no-tillage in the Mid-south region of the United States.

Materials and methods

Long-term field experiments initiated in 2002 with or without PL application as a N source involving monocultures of corn and soybean under no-tillage at Milan and Spring Hill in Tennessee, USA, were selected for this study in 2017. Available and/or total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in soil were measured in soil and corn and soybean grains. Contamination indices including contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DC), pollution load index (PLI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were calculated.

Results and discussion

Long-term application of PL did not increase the total content of As, Cd, Cr, or Pb in the surface 0–15 cm soil relative to no PL application. However, total and available contents of Zn were increased by 11–17% and 2.2–5.6 times respectively, in the surface soil due to PL application. 1.7 times of total Cu and 1.7–2.1 times of available Cu were accumulated in surface soil after long-term PL application. Only total Zn content was increased by 7–17% in corn and soybean grains due to PL application.

Conclusions

Long-term application of PL does not pose risk of As, Pb, Cd, or Cr contamination to soil or crop grains but enhanced total and available contents of Zn and Cu in surface soil and total Zn content in crop grains under no-till production and subtropical climate. Enhanced total Zn content in corn and soybean grains is beneficial for animal and human health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adeli A, Read JJ, McCarty J, Jenkins JN, Feng G (2015) Soybean yield and nutrient utilization following long-term pelletized broiler litter application to cotton. Agro J 107:1128–1134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adeli A, Sistani KR, Tewolde H, Rowe DE (2007) Broiler litter application effects on selected trace elements under conventional and no till systems. Soil Sci 172:349–365. https://doi.org/10.1097/ss.0b013e318032ab7d

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Qian H, Wang H (2019) Assessment of heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soil lands in northern Telangana, India: an approach of spatial distribution and multivariate statistical analysis. Environ Monit Assess 191:246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7408-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angulo E (1996) The Tomlinson pollution load index applied to heavy metal, ‘Mussel-Watch’ data: a useful index to assess coastal pollution. Sci Total Environ 187:19–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05128-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asada K, Yabushita Y, Saito H, Nishimura T (2012) Effect of Long Term Swine Manure Application on Soil Hydraulic Properties and Heavy Metal Behavior 63:368–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01437.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth AJ, Allena FL, Wight JP, Saxton AM, Don D, Tyler DD, Sams CE (2014) Soil organic carbon sequestration rates under crop sequence diversity, bio-covers, and no-tillage. Soil Sci Soc Am J 78:1726–1733. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.09.0422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth AJ, Allen FL, Saxton AM, Tyler DD (2017a) Impact of crop rotations and soil amendments on long-term no-tilled soybean yield. Agro J 109:938–946

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth AJ, Allen FL, Tyler DD, Pote DH, Shipptalo MJ (2017b) Earthworm populations are affected from long-term crop sequences and bio-covers under no-tillage. Pedobiologia 60:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2017.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth AJ, Chastain JP, Moore JPA (2020) Nutrient characteristics of poultry manure and litter p. In: He Z et al (eds) Animal manure: production, characteristics, environmental concerns and management, 67. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 63–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Benke M, Hao X, Chang C (2008) Effects of long-term cattle manure applications on soil, water, and crops implications for animal and human health. In Development and Uses of Biofortified Agricultural Products. New York. crc Press. pp.135–151. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420060065.ch8

  • Bonten LTC, Romkens PFAM, Brus DJ (2008) Contribution of heavy metal leaching from agricultural soils to surface water loads. Environ Forensics 9:252–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bratendu B (2002) Investigation of nitrogen and phosphorus bearing species in steam gasification of poultry litter. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, USA

  • Brye KR, Pirani AL (2006) Metal uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as affected by poultry litter application. Grass and Forage Sci 61:192–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao X, Liang Y, Zhao L, Le H (2013) Mobility of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the phosphorus amended contaminated soils under simulated landfill and rainfall conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20:5913–5921

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delaune PB, Moore PA (2016) Copper and zinc runoff from land application of composted poultry litter. J Environ Qual 45:1565–1571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta SK, Inamdar SP, Tom Sims J, Collins AJ (2010) Assessment of the effects of poultry litter on surface runoff water quality from agricultural lands. Water Resource and Protection 2:413–423. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.25048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan MS, Zhao FJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Poulton PR, Dunham SJ, McGrath SP (2008) Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. J Trace Elem Med Bio 22:315–324

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang L, Li J, Guo MZ, Cheeseman CR, Tsang DCW, Donatello S, Poon CS (2018) Phosphorus recovery and leaching of trace elements from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA). Chemosphere 193:278–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faridullah AA, Umar M, Iqbal A, Sabir MA, Waseem A (2015) Nutrient extractability and bioavailability of fresh and composted poultry litter and its application of maize (Zea mays) crop. Fresen Environ Bull 24:2742–2746

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng G, Adeli A, Read J, McCarty J, Jenkins J (2019) Consequences of pelletized poultry litter applications on soil physical and hydraulic properties in reduced tillage, continuous cotton system. Soil till Res 194:104309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher DJ, Yonkos LT, Staver KW (2015) Environmental concerns of roxarsone in broiler poultry feed and litter in Maryland, USA. Environ Sci Technol 49:1999–2012

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foust R, Phillips M, Hull K, Yehorova D (2018) Changes in arsenic, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc levels resulting from the application of poultry litter to agricultural soils. Toxics 6:28. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6020028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gburek WJ, Sharpley AN, Heathwaite L, Folmar GJ (2000) Phosphorus management at the watershed scale: a modification of the phosphorus index. J Environ Qual 29:130–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological Approach Water Res 14:975–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Han FX, Kingery WL, Selim HM, Gerard PD (2000) Accumulation of heavy metals in a long-term poultry waste-amended soil. Soil Sci 165:260–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan M, Kausar D, Akhter G, Shah MH (2018) Evaluation of the mobility and pollution index of selected essential/toxic metals in paddy soil by sequential extraction method. Ecotox Environ Safe 147:283–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Tazisong IA, Senwo ZN, Zhang D (2008) Soil properties and macro cations status impacted by long-term applied poultry litter. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39:858–872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Tazisong IA, Senwo ZN, Honeycutt CW, Zhang D (2009a) Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in pasture soil from repeated poultry litter application. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 40:587Y599

  • He Z, Endale DM, Schomberg HH, Jenkins MB (2009b) Total phosphorus, zinc, copper, and manganese concentrations in Cecil soil through 10 years of poultry litter application. Soil Sci 174:687–695

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Shankle M, Zhang H, Way TR, Tewolde H, Uchimiya M (2013) Mineral composition of cottonseed is affected by fertilization management practices. Agron J 105:341–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Pagliari PH, Waldrip HM (2016) Applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure: a review. Pedosphere 26:779–816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Tazisong IA, Yin X, Watts DB, Senwo ZN, Torbert HA (2019) Long-term cropping system, tillage, and poultry litter application affect the chemical properties of an Alabama Ultisol. Pedosphere 29:180–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Agudelo MA, Miró M, Arruda MAZ (2017) In vitro oral bioaccessibility and total content of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from transgenic (through cp 4 EPSPS gene) and nontransgenic precursor/successor soybean seeds. Food Chem 225:125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover NL, Kanwar R, Soupir ML, Pederson C (2015) Effects of poultry manure application on phosphorus in soil and tile drain water under a corn-soybean rotation. Water Air Soil Poll 226:138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2403-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson BP, Miller WP (1999) Soluble arsenic and selenium species in fly ash/organic waste-amended soils using ion chromatography−Inductively coupled plasma mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 33:270–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson BP, Bertsch PM (2001) Determination of arsenic speciation in poultry wastes by IC-ICP-MS. Environ Sci Technol 35:4868–4873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalali M, Khanboluki G (2007) Leaching of zinc, cadmium, and lead in a sandy soil due to application of poultry litter. Soil Sediment Contam 16:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380601077818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kpomblekou-A K, Ankumah RO, Ajwa HA (2002) Trace and nontrace element contents of broiler litter. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33:1799–1811

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingery WL, Wood CW, Delaney DP, Williams JC, Mullins GL (1994) Impact of long-term land application of broiler litter on environmentally related soil properties. J Environ Qual 23:139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman PJA, Church C, Saporito LS, McGrath JM, Reiter MS, Allen AL, Tingle S, Binford GD, Han K, Joern BC (2015) Phosphorus leaching from agricultural soils of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. J Environ Qual 44:524–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyakuwaire M, Olupot G, Amoding A, Nkedi-Kizza P, Basamba TA (2019) How safe is chicken litter for land application as an organic fertilizer? a review. Int J Environ Re Public Health 16:3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lair GJ, Gerzabek MH, Haberhauer G (2007) Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents. Enviton Chem Lett 5:23–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc A, Laurent A (2017) Framework for estimating toxic releases from the application of manure on agricultural soil: national release inventories for heavy metals. Sci Total Environ 590:452–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j/scitotenv.2017.0.1.117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Wu J, Qian H, Zhou W (2016) Distribution, enrichment and sources of trace metals in the topsoil in the vicinity of a steel wire plant along the Silk Road economic belt, northwest China. Environ Earth Sci 75:909

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin Y, van Santen E, Watts D (2016) The effect of poultry litter application on agricultural production: a meta-analysis of crop yield, nutrient uptake and soil fertility. Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.4148/2475-7772.1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Li J, Zhao Y, Xie K, Tang X, Wang S, Li Z, Liao Y, Xu J, Di H, Li Y (2018) Ammonia oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria respond differently to long-term manure application in four paddy soils of south of China. Sci Total Environ 633:641–648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu XP, Bi QF, Qiu LL, Li KJ, Yang XR, Lin XY (2019) Increased risk of phosphorus and metal leaching from paddy soils after excessive manure application: insights from a mesocosm study. Sci Total Environ 666:778–785

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loska K, Wiechula D, Korus I (2004) Metal contamination of farming soils, affected by industry. Environ Int 30:159–165

  • Magdy SM (2017) More nutrients and more hazards when using poultry litter in plant and/or animal nutrition. Nutri Food Sci Int J 4:555635. https://doi.org/10.19080/NFSIJ.2017.04.555635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal A, Patra A, Singh D, Swarup A, Masto RE (2007) Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technol 98:3585–3592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maqbool MA, Beshir A (2019) Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): status and challenges. Plant Breeding 138:1–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng Q, Sun Y, Zhao J, Zhou L, Ma X, Zhou M, Gao W, Wang G (2014) Distribution of carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates and soil stability under long-term manure application in solonetzic soils of the Songnen plain, northeast China. J Soils Sediments 14:1041–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0859-7Q

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miner GL, Delgado JA, Ippolito JA, Barbarick KA, Stewart CE, Manter DK, Del Grosso SJ, Halvorson AD, Hoyd BA, Adamo RE (2018) Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on crop and soil micronutrients in a no-till maize cropping system. Field Crops Res 228:170–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller G (1969) Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. GeoJournal 2:108–118

  • Netthisinghe AMP, Woosley PB, Gilfillen RA, Willian TW, Sistani KR, Rowland NS (2016) Corn grain yield and soil properties after 10 years of broiler litter amendment. Agron J 108:1816–1823

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyewumi O, Schreiber ME (2012) Release of arsenic and other trace elements from poultry litter: Insights from a field experiment on the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware. Appl Geochem 27:1979–1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oyewumi O, Schreiberb ME (2017) Using column experiments to examine transport of As and other trace elements released from poultry litter: Implications for trace element mobility in agricultural watersheds. Environ Pollut 227:223–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park WM, Warren LM, Roberts RK, Goan HC (2005) The role of poultry litter handlers in Tennessee’s off-farm litter market. J Appl Poultry Res 14:246–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Petruzzelli G (1989) Recycling wastes in agriculture: heavy metal bioavailability. Agr Ecosyst Environ 27:493–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satpathy D, Reddy MV, Dhal SP (2014) Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativaL.) at the East Coast of India. BioMed Res Int 545473. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/545473

  • Schroder JL, Zhang H, Richards JR, He Z (2011) Sources and contents of heavy metals and other trace elements in animal manures. Environmental Chemistry of Animal Manure. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, pp 385–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidavi AR, Zaker-Esteghamati H, Scanes CG (2019) Present and potential impacts of waste from poultry production on the environment. World Poultry Sci J 75:29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard SC, Sanipelli B (2012) Trace elements in feed, manure, and manured soils. J Environ Qual 41:1846–1856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi D, Li X, Huang Y, Cui X, Zhang Z, Li D, Yan Z, Tang X, Ao Y (2019) A dynamic model describing the effects of soil moisture on mercury speciation and migration in the plow layer. Soil and Sediment Contamin 28:473–484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleugh BB, Gilfillen RA, Willian WT, Henderson HD (2006) Nutritive value and nutrient uptake of sorghumsundangrass under different broiler litter fertility programs. Agron J 98:1594–1599

  • Tashakor M, Yaacob WZW, Mohamad H, Ghani AA, Saadati N (2014) Assessment of selected sequential extraction and the toxicity characteristic leaching test as indices of metal mobility in serpentinite soils. Chem Spec Bioavailab 26:139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewolde H, Sistani K (2014) Cotton production improvement and environmental concerns from poultry litter application in southern and southeastern USA soils, p. 355–370. In Z. He and H. Zhang, eds. Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. Springer, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

  • Tewolde H, Sistani KR, Feng G, Menkir A (2019) Does fertilizing corn with poultry litter enrich the grain with mineral nutrients? Agron J 111:2472–2484. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.02.0094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgol Mar Res 33:566–575

  • USDA (2018) National Agricultural Statistics 2018. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Washington, DC, United States Government Printing Office

  • Waldrip HM, Pagliari PH, He Z (2020) (eds.) Animal Manure: Production, Characteristics, Environmental Concerns and Management. Vol. ASA Special Publication 67, pp. 1–430. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI

  • Wamdan WP, Sluijsmans CMJ, de la Lande Cremer LCN (1987) Value of animal manures: changes in perception. In: Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops: Fertilizer or Waste? (eds H.G. van der Meer, R.J. Unwin, T.A. Vand Dijk and G.C. Ennik). PP.1–16. Martinus Nijhoff Publisers, Dordrecht

  • Wang Z, Lei G (2018) Study on penetration effect of heavy metal migration in different soil types. IOP Conference Series: Materials Sci and Engr 394:052033

  • Watts DB, Way TR (2019) Subsurface banding of poultry litter influence on runoff nutrient losses in a no-tillage maize cropping system. Soil till Res 194:104325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wajid K, Ahmad K, Khan ZI, Nadeem M, Bashir H, Chen F, Ugulu I (2020) Effect of organic manure and mineral fertilizers on bioaccumulation and translocation of trace metals in maize. B Environ Contam Tox 104:649–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02841-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu L, Tan C, Liu W, Zhu P (2012) Cadmium bioavailability in surface soils receiving long-term applications of inorganic fertilizers and pig manure. Geoderma 173:224–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Zhang M (2017) Source identification and exchangeability of heavy metals accumulated in vegetable soils in the coastal plain of eastern Zhejiang province, China. Ecotox Environ Safe 142:410–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Li Q, Tang Z, Zhang W, Yu G, Shen Q, Zhao F (2017) Heavy metal concentrations and arsenic speciation in animal manure composts in China. Waste Manag 64:333–339

  • Yu Z, Liu E, Lin Q, Zhang E, Yang F, Wei C, Shen J (2021) Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in lake sediment by combining total concentration and chemical partitioning. Environ. Pollut. 269:116212

  • Zeng F, Ali S, Zhang H, Ouyang Y, Qiu B, Wu F, Zhang G (2011) The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants. Environ Pollut 159:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou C et al (2020) Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and maize after 17-year pig manure application in Northeast China. Plant Soil Environ 66:65–72. https://doi.org/10.17221/648/2019-pse

  • Zou C, Zhang F, Zuo Y, Gao X, Fan M (2008) Soil and crop management for improving iron and zinc nutrition of crops. In Development and Uses of Biofortified Agricultural Products. New York. crc Press. pp.71–93. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420060065.ch5

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the crew at the University of Tennessee Research and Education Center at Milan, Robert Sharp, and Sangeeta Bansal for their assistance with this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN, 38301, USA

    Jingxiu Xiao & Xinhua Yin

  2. College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China

    Jingxiu Xiao

  3. Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Virginia R. Sykes

  4. USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA

    Zhongqi He

Authors
  1. Jingxiu Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xinhua Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Virginia R. Sykes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhongqi He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Xinhua Yin and Virginia Sykes contributed to conception and laying out the study design of the work. Jingxiu Xiao worked on the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data; Zhongqi He, Xinhua Yin, and Virginia Sykes substantially revised the drafted work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xinhua Yin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Dong-Mei Zhou

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• PL application did not increase total As, Cd, Cr, or Pb level in 0–15 cm soil.

• Total and available Zn and Cu were increased in 0–15 cm soil with PL application.

• Only total Zn content was increased in corn and soybean grains with PL application.

• Long-term PL application is generally safe in the Southeast USA and similar areas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xiao, J., Yin, X., Sykes, V.R. et al. Differential accumulation of heavy metals in soil profile and corn and soybean grains after 15-year poultry litter application under no-tillage. J Soils Sediments 22, 844–858 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03087-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03087-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation