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Properties of root exudates and rhizosphere sediment of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.)

  • Sediments, Sec 4 • Sediment-Ecology Interactions • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

The rhizosphere plays an important role in promoting the biodegradation and phytoremediation processes of organic pollutants in mangrove sediments; however, the mechanisms behind this interaction remain little understood. We analyzed the properties of root exudates and rhizosphere sediment of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) to provide basic information about the rhizosphere effects of mangroves.

Materials and methods

We analyzed the organic components and the low-molecular-weight organic acids in root exudates extracted from hydroponic culture solution, and the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sediments using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. A 16S rDNA gene analysis was performed to investigate the bacterial community and diversity of sediments. The sediment organic carbon structures were analyzed using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. A stable carbon isotopic analysis was conducted to assess the contribution of root exudates and litter (root, stem, and leaf) to sediment organic matter.

Results and discussion

The organic components in the mangrove root exudates were collected from the hydroponic culture solution sediments and included hydrocarbons, esters, phenols, and aromas in both the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sediments. However, the content of each component and the dominant components were different between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sediments. The rhizosphere sediment showed a higher level of organic carbon, nutrient elements, cation exchange capacity, microorganism density, enzyme activities, and bacterial diversity than the non-rhizosphere sediment. Litter is the main organic matter resource of the rhizosphere sediment; however, the rhizosphere sediment also received more labile organic matters from root exudates. In the rhizosphere sediment, the percentage of macroaggregates (>1 mm) and the stability of the physical structure were higher than those of the non-rhizosphere sediment. In addition, the microorganism density and bacterial diversity of macroaggregates was higher than those of mesoaggregates (0.25–1 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm).

Conclusions

As a result of the input of root exudates, the rhizosphere sediment had different chemical, physical, and microbial properties from the non-rhizosphere sediment. The predominant properties of the rhizosphere sediment were high content of organic matters, stable physical structure, and high microbial activity. This comprehensive understanding of the rhizosphere effects of mangroves is crucial for further studying of the promoted biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic pollutants in this special system.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41301555) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (no. 2012hzs1J008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental and Plant Protection/Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Analysis Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China

    Beibei Liu, Xinyu Liu, Xin Chen, Lin Wu, Miao Chen, Kaibo Zhou, Qinfen Li & Lixu Peng

  2. College of Environment and Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China

    Xinyu Liu

  3. Environmental Safety Supervision and Inspection Centre for Genetically Modified Plants and Microorganisms used in Plants, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China

    Shanshan Huo

  4. Agricultural Environmental Science Observation and Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan, China

    Beibei Liu, Xin Chen, Lin Wu, Miao Chen, Kaibo Zhou, Qinfen Li & Lixu Peng

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  1. Beibei Liu
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  2. Xinyu Liu
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  4. Xin Chen
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Correspondence to Beibei Liu or Lixu Peng.

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Liu, B., Liu, X., Huo, S. et al. Properties of root exudates and rhizosphere sediment of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.). J Soils Sediments 17, 266–276 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1541-z

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