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Contribution for the derivation of a soil screening level (SSV) for cadmium using a natural reference soil

  • Soils, Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

The risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils demands the establishment of soil screening values (SSVs) for metals. Cadmium(Cd) is a very toxic metal resulting from anthropogenic wastes/activities. However, ecologically relevant Cd SSVs are often unavailable for several European countries, including Portugal, due to the lack of ecotoxicological datasets on regional natural soils. Therefore, this work aims to generate an ecotoxicological dataset in a dominant type of Portuguese natural soil for the preliminary derivation of Cd SSVs.

Materials and methods

A battery of terrestrial ecotoxicological tests focusing on microbial parameters, reproduction of invertebrates (Eisenia andrei, Enchytraeus crypticus, Folsomia candida), seed germination and growth of terrestrial plants (Avena sativa, Zea mays, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum) was carried out in a natural soil contaminated with Cd. The Assessment Factor approach was followed to determine the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) after correcting the toxicity values used for PNEC calculation for leaching-aging processes, as to harmonize toxic effects in freshly spiked soils to those in field soils. The obtained PNECs will be the preliminary derivation of SSVs for Cd.

Results and discussion

Urease was slightly compromised (EC20 = 47.8 mg Cd kg−1 dw), whilst acid phosphatase and cellulase activities, and nitrogen mineralization were the most inhibited parameters (LOEC = 13.4 mg Cd kg−1 dw). Invertebrates reproduction was constrained, being E. crypticus the most sensitive species (EC50 = 8.3 mg Cd kg−1 dw). The phytotoxicity of Cd was effective on the seed germination of L. sativa and L. esculentum for an EC50 of 460.0 and 919.0 mg Cd kg−1 dw, respectively. The dry mass was the most sensitive endpoint for plant growth effects, providing significant inhibitions at a LOEC = 35.0 mg Cd kg−1 dw for most species. Based on these data, the PNECs ranged between 3.7 (EC20-based) and 3.5 (NOEC-based) mg Cd kg−1 dw. Towards a precautionary decision we proposed an SSV of 3.5 mg Cd kg−1 dw.

Conclusions

When comparing our results with the literature, a direct influence of soil properties on Cd toxicity was likely, hence highlighting the importance of using regional natural soils in the derivation of SSVs. Overall, this work is a good contribution for the establishment of national soil quality guideline values, while at the same time is providing a working path for other European countries.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

Acid phosphatase

ANOVA:

Analysis of variances

CEL:

Cellulase

DHA:

Dehydrogenase

ECx :

Concentration that induces a certain effect in x% of the population

ERA:

Ecological risk assessment

LOEC:

Low observed effect concentration

NMIN:

Nitrogen mineralization

NOEC:

No observed effect concentration

PNEC:

Predicted no effect concentration

PTRS1:

Portuguese reference soil

SSV:

Soil screening value

TPF:

Triphenyl formazan

UA:

Urease activity

WHC:

Water-holding capacity

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Acknowledgments

A.L. Caetano was supported by a PhD grant from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (ref. SFRH/BD/48943/2008). C.R. Marques was supported by a Post-doctoral grant from FCT (ref. SFRH/BPD/47292/2008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ana Luísa Caetano, Catarina R. Marques & Fernando Gonçalves

  2. CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ana Luísa Caetano, Catarina R. Marques & Fernando Gonçalves

  3. Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, GeoBioTec Research Center, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Eduardo Ferreira da Silva

  4. Department of Biology of the Sciences Faculty at the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Gavina & Ruth Pereira

  5. CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    Ruth Pereira

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  1. Ana Luísa Caetano
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  3. Ana Gavina
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Correspondence to Catarina R. Marques.

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Caetano, A.L., Marques, C.R., Gavina, A. et al. Contribution for the derivation of a soil screening level (SSV) for cadmium using a natural reference soil. J Soils Sediments 16, 134–149 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1155-x

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