Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to understand how clay minerals change sequentially with paddy cultivation age and how parent materials (or original soils) affect the clay mineral behavior of paddy soils.
Materials and methods
Three paddy soil chronosequences in the hilly regions of South China, derived from purple sandy shale (PS), Quaternary red clays (RC), and red sandstone (RS), were selected to explore the dynamic changes in clay mineralogy, by comparing physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of soil sequences.
Results and discussion
For RC and RS soils, both of which have a low K content, there was little change in the clay minerals. Long-term paddy cultivation can promote formation of illite-like minerals; however, this form of K storage was limited under present farming conditions. In PS soils, which are abundant in K-bearing minerals, the depotassication was strong, accompanied by marked transformation of clay minerals. Kaolinite-like minerals gradually decreased with paddy cultivation age; by contrast, derivative clay minerals such as secondary chlorite and halloysite gradually increased. Strong depotassication mainly occurred in the nonclay fractions. The rate of depotassication and the generation of clay fractions were much faster than in natural soils.
Conclusions
The clay minerals of paddy soils mainly followed the feature of their original soils. Their evolutions could be distinguished based on their constituents, which are greatly affected by their parent materials. Moreover, paddy cultivation is able to modify clay mineralogy, according to the original mineralogy and paddy soil management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexandre A, Meunier JD, Colin F, Koud JM (1997) Plant impact on the biogeochemical cycle of silicon and related weathering processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:677–682
Barré P, Velde B, Abbadie L (2007) Dynamic role of “illite-like” clay minerals in temperate soils: facts and hypotheses. Biogeochemistry 82:77–88
Brown G, Brindley GW (1980) X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. In: Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. Mineralogical Society Monograph No. 5. Mineralogical Society, London
Chadwick OA, Gavenda RT, Kelly EF, Ziegler K, Olson CG, Elliott WC, Hendricks DM (2003) The impact of climate on the biogeochemical functioning of volcanic soils. Chem Geol 202:195–223
Chang SN (1961) Clay minerals of some representative paddy soils of China. Acta Pedol Sin 9:81–102 (in Chinese)
Chen LM, Zhang GL, Effland WR (2011) Soil characteristic response times and pedogenic thresholds during the 1000-year evolution of a paddy soil chronosequence. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:1807–1820
Cooperative research group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy (2003) Chinese soil taxonomy. Science Press, Beijing. New York
Egashira K, Fujiia K, Yamasakib S, Virakornphanichc P (1997a) Rare earth element and clay minerals of paddy soils from the central region of the Mekong River, Laos. Geoderma 78:237–249
Egashira K, Iwashita S, Yamasaki SI (1997b) Clay mineral status of paddy soils from the Tai Lake region of China in relation to high paddy-rice productivity. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 43:521–530
Farmer VC, Delbos E, Miller JD (2005) The role of phytolith formation and dissolution in controlling concentrations of silica in soil solutions and streams. Geoderma 127:71–96
Gerard F, Mayer KU, Hodson MJ, Ranger J (2008) Modelling the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in soils: application to a temperate forest ecosystem. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:741–758
Gong ZT, Chen ZC, Shi XZ, Zhang GL, Zhang JM, Zhao WJ et al (1999) Chinese soil taxonomy: theory, methodology and practice. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Han GZ (2012) Pedogenesis of hydragric Anthrosols chronosequences from different parent materials in South China. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Soil Sciences, Nanjing, China (in Chinese)
Han GZ, Zhang GL (2013) Changes in magnetic properties and their pedogenetic implications for paddy soil chronosequences from different parent materials in South China. Eur J Soil Sci 64:435–444
Harden JW (1982) A quantitative index of soil development from field descriptions: examples from a soil chronosequence in central California. Geoderma 28:1–28
He Y, Li DC, Velde B, Yang YF, Huang CM, Gong ZT, Zhang GL (2008) Clay minerals in a soil chronosequence derived from basalt on Hainan Island, China and its implication for pedogenesis. Geoderma 148:206–212
Huang LM, Thompson A, Zhang GL (2014) Long-term paddy cultivation significantly alters topsoil phosphorus transformation and degrades phosphorus sorption capacity. Soil Till Res 142:32–41
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1978) Methods for soil physical and chemical analysis. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, Shanghai (in Chinese)
Kölbl A, Schad P, Jahn R et al (2014) Accelerated soil formation due to paddy management on marshlands (Zhejiang Province, China). Geoderma 228–229:67–89
Li QK (1992) Paddy soils of China. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Li ZP, Velde B, Li DC (2003) Loss of K-bearing clay minerals in flood-irrigated, rice-growing soils in Jiangxi province, China. Clay Clay Miner 51:75–82
Liu YL, Zhang B, Li CL, Hu F, Velde B (2008) Long-term fertilization influences on clay mineral composition and ammonium adsorption in a rice paddy soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72:1580–1590
Lucas Y, Luizao FJ, Chauvel A, Rouiller J, Nahon D (1993) The relation between biological activity of the rain-forest and mineral composition of soils. Science 260:521–523
Mehra OP, Jackson ML (1958) Fe oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite–citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clay Clay Miner 7:317–327
Meijer EL, Buurman P (2003) Chemical trends in a perhumid soil catena on the Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica). Geoderma 17:185–201
Meunier JD, Colin F, Alarcon C (1999) Biogenic silica storage in soils. Geology 27:835–838
Moore DM, Reynolds RC (1997) X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, New York
Nanjing Agricultural University (1986) Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis. China Agriculture Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page AL (ed) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd Ed. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 539–579
Schoeneberger PJ, Wysocki DA, Benham EC, Broderson WD (2002) Field Book for Describing and Sampling soils. 2nd ed. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE
Tributh H, Boguslawski EV, Lieres AV, Steffens D, Mengel K (1987) Effect of potassium removal by crops on transformation of illitic clay minerals. Soil Sci 143:404–409
Watanabe T, Sowada Y, Russell JD, McHardy WJ, Wilson MJ (1992) The conversion of montmorillonite to interstratified halloysite-smectite by weathering in the Omi acid clay deposit, Japan. Clay Miner 27:159–173
White AF, Blum AE (1995) Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1729–1747
Whittig LD, Allardice WR (1986) X-ray diffraction techniques. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 1, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Ed. Madison
Wilson MJ (1999) The origin and formation of clay minerals in soils: past, present and future perspectives. Clay Miner 34:7–25
Yu TR (1985) Physical chemistry of paddy soils. Science Press, Beijing
Zhang GL, Gong ZT (2003) Pedogenic evolution of paddy soils in different soil landscapes. Geoderma 115:15–29
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. Bruce Velde of Ecole Normal Supérieure, France, for his comments and to Dr. D. G. Rossiter, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, for his comments and linguistic revision. This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41130530 and 40625001) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. KZCX3-EW-405-1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Claudio Bini
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Han, GZ., Zhang, GL., Li, DC. et al. Pedogenetic evolution of clay minerals and agricultural implications in three paddy soil chronosequences of south China derived from different parent materials. J Soils Sediments 15, 423–435 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0979-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0979-0