Abstract
In the printing and textile industries, methylene blue (a cationic azo dye) is commonly used. MB is a well-known carcinogen, and another major issue is its high content in industrial discharge. There are numerous removal methodologies that have been employed to remove it from industrial discharge; however, these current modalities have one or more limitations. In this research, a novel magnetized biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) was synthesized using Lagenaria siceraria peels which were further magnetized via the co-precipitation method. The synthesized γ-Fe2O3-LSB was characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, Raman, SEM–EDX, BET, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) for the analysis of magnetic properties. γ-Fe2O3-LSB showed a reversible type IV isotherm, which is a primary characteristic of mesoporous materials. γ-Fe2O3-LSB had a specific surface area (SBET = 135.30 m2/g) which is greater than that of LSB (SBET = 11.54 m2/g). γ-Fe2O3-LSB exhibits a saturation magnetization value (Ms) of 3.72 emu/g which shows its superparamagnetic nature. The batch adsorption process was performed to analyze the adsorptive removal of MB dye using γ-Fe2O3-LSB. The adsorption efficiency of γ-Fe2O3-LSB for MB was analyzed by varying parameters like the initial concentration of adsorbate (MB), γ-Fe2O3-LSB dose, pH effect, contact time, and temperature. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamics were also studied after optimizing the protocol. The non-linear Langmuir model fitted the best to explain the adsorption isotherm mechanism and resulting adsorption capacity (\({q}_{e}\) =54.55 mg/g). The thermodynamics study showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature, and pseudo-second-order rate kinetics was followed during the adsorption process. Regeneration study showed that γ-Fe2O3-LSB can be used up to four cycles. In laboratory setup, the cost of γ-Fe2O3-LSB synthesis comes out to be 162.75 INR/kg which is low as compared to commercially available adsorbents. The results obtained suggest that magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar, which is economical and efficient, can be used as a potential biochar material for industrial applications in the treatment of wastewater.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
All authors are sincerely thankful to the Director of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) for supporting this research work. The authors are grateful to Dr. Anjani Kumar Tiwari, Head, Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, for his guidance and to Miranda House College, University of Delhi, Delhi. We are thankful to Miss Lajpreet Kaur (CSIR-SRF) for her constant support and guidance.
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Ayushi Mishra: data curation; formal analysis; writing, original draft; writing, review and editing; conceptualization.
Jyoti Pandey: formal analysis, supervision, writing—review and editing.
Himanshu Ojha: funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, resources.
Malti Sharma: conceptualization, formal analysis.
Lajpreet Kaur: conceptualization, formal analysis, validation.
Akhilesh Pandey: Resources
Pankaj Sharma: Resources
Sumit Murab: Resources
Rahul Singhal: Resources, software
Mallika Pathak: conceptualization, formal analysis, supervision, writing—review and editing.
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Highlights
• Magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) was synthesized from food waste.
• γ-Fe2O3-LSB is used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution.
• Adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were studied.
• Cost analysis for γ-Fe2O3-LSB synthesis was calculated at a laboratory scale which comes out to be 162.75 INR/kg.
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Mishra, A., Pandey, J., Ojha, H. et al. A green and economic approach to synthesize magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33477-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33477-6