Abstract
Oil spillage is common in oil-producing communities of Nigeria, and it impacts negatively on the residents of these communities. This study analysed available research data on oil spillage incidents in these communities to determine their main causes and impacts on the residents. This study highlights the immediate and long-term consequences of oil spills on residents of oil-host communities in Nigeria. A systematic review of published studies was carried out, and 22 studies were identified from the literature search. The main causes of oil spills were identified as sabotage (87%), leakage from corroded pipelines (62%), and equipment failure (45%). Others were mystery spills and operational failures. Unemployment, abject poverty, marginalization, and inaction of government regulatory agencies are enabling factors for sabotage and vandalism of oil pipelines. It was found that exposure to oil spills impacts directly and indirectly on residents of oil-host communities, with accompanying health, socioeconomic, and environmental implications. Oil spills in these communities impact on all facets of their life, thereby infringing on their rights to existence and survival. The major interventions were targeted at improving health services, education, infrastructure, skill acquisition, and employment. These in turn reduced the occurrence of violence, insurgency, and human trafficking in the oil-producing communities. It is recommended that government regulatory agencies should be revamped and repositioned to effectively perform their duties. Interventions should be targeted at addressing the causes of agitation by indigenes by involving them in the decision-making process. Also, appropriate remediation strategies should be adopted to clean up the oil spills.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Adamu B, Tansey K, Ogutu B (2018) Remote sensing for detection and monitoring of vegetation affected by oil spills. Int J Remote Sens 39:. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1448483
Aduloju B (2022) INSIGHT: how sabotage, equipment failure caused over 4000 cases of oil spills in six years. The cable. https://www.thecable.ng/insight-how-sabotage-equipment-failure-caused-over-4000-cases-of-oil-spills-in-six-years/. Accessed 26 Apr 2024
Ajiya M (2023) The rise of non-state actors in Nigeria’s Niger-Delta region, their unending clamour for secession and a threat to national security. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4319403
Akinlo AE (2012) How important is oil in Nigeria’s economic growth. J Sustain Dev 5:165–179. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v5n4p165
Akinpelu Y (2021) Analysis: 77% of oil spills in Nigeria occurred in only three states. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/461635-analysis-77-of-oil-spills-in-nigeria-occurred-in-only-three-states.html. Accessed 12 Nov 2022
Akinsanya B, Adebusoye SA, Alinson T, Ukwa UD (2018) Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, histopathological alterations and parasito-fauna in bentho-pelagic host from Snake Island, Lagos, Nigeria. J Basic Appl Zool: 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0046-2
Akinwumiju AS, Adelodun AA, Ogundeji SE (2020) Geospatial assessment of oil spill pollution in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: an evidence-based evaluation of causes and potential remedies. Environ Pollut: 115545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115545
Akpan EE (2022) Environmental consequences of oil spills on marine habitats and the mitigating measures—the Niger delta perspective. J Geosci Environ Protect 10:. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.106012
Albert ON, Amaratunga D, Haigh RP (2018) Evaluation of the impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: Procedia Engineering. Elsevier Ltd, pp 1054–1061
Albert ON, Amaratunga D, Haigh RP (2019) An investigation into root causes of sabotage and vandalism of pipes: a major environmental hazard in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Capacity building for research and innovation in disaster resilience: selected papers from the International Conference on Capacity Building for Research and Innovation in Disaster Resilience
Alvernia P, Soesilo TEB, Herdiansyah H (2021) Social impacts of oil spills towards the people living in coastal areas. Int Conf Res Collaboration Environ Sci 802:1–5
Amnesty International (2020) No clean up, no justice: shell’s oil pollution in the Niger Delta. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/no-clean-up-no-justice-shell-oil-pollution-in-the-niger-delta/. Accessed 18 Nov 2022
Amusa TA, Mejeha RO, Azubuike IS (2021) Effects of oil spillage on the welfare of cassava farmers in oil-producing communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Nigerian Agric J 52(3):231–239
Chijioke I. Anyanwu, James K. Lein (2019) A geospatial appraisal of oil spill health impacts: a Niger delta case study. J Basic Appl Sci 15:. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2019.15.10
Apata TG (2010) Linkages between crude-oil exploration and agricultural development in Nigeria: implications for relevant qualitative data collection and analysis to improve the rural economy. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/pages/rural/wye_city_group/2010/May/WYE_2010.4.3_Apata.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2022
Ateboh PE, Olalekan RM (2018) Corporate civil liability and compensation regime for environmental pollution in The Niger Delta. Int J Recent Adv Multidiscip Res 5:3870–3893
Aveyard H, Payne S, Preston N (2016) A post-graduate guide to doing a literature review, 1st edn. Open University Press, Maidenhead
Azubuike SI, Songi O (2020) A rights-based approach to oil spill investigations: a case study of the Bodo community oil spill in Nigeria. Global Energy Law Sustain 1:. https://doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0005
Baah FO, Teitelman AM, Riegel B (2019) Marginalization: conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health—an integrative review. Nurs Inq 26(1):e12268. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12268
Baali A, Yahyaoui A, Baali A, Yahyaoui A (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their influence to some aquatic species. Biochem Toxicol - Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86213
Bai X, Song K, Liu J et al (2019) Health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated by oil pollutants based on numerical modeling. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183245
Biggam J (2009). Succeeding with your master's dissertation: a step-by-step handbook. McGraw-Hill Education (UK), London
Bodo T (2018) Community understanding of the environmental and socio-economic consequences of petroleum exploitation in Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria. Int J Adv Res Publications 2(11):1–7
Brown I, Tari ET (2015) An evaluation of the effects of petroleum exploration and production activities on the social environment In Ogoni Land, Nigeria. Int J Sci Technol Res 4(4):273–282
Bruederle A, Hodler R (2019) Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in Nigeria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818303116
Cai Y, Zhang B, Ke W, Feng B, Lin H, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Tao J, Yang Z, Wa W (2016) Associations of short-term and long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 68(1):62–70
Chijioke BO, Ebong IB, Ufomba H (2018) The impact of oil exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: a study of oil producing communities in Akwa Ibom State. Glob J Human-Soc Sci 18(3):55–70
Chinedu E, Chukwuemeka CK (2018) Oil spillage and heavy metals toxicity risk in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Health Pollut 8:. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-8.19.180905
Chris OI, Victor O, Felicia OC (2021) Militancy and oil wars in Africa: the Niger delta experience in Nigeria. Natl J Multidiscip Res Dev 6(2):19–27
Chun J, Oh JH, Kim CK (2020) Oil spill response policies to bridge the perception gap between the government and the public: a social big data analysis. J Marine Sci Eng 8(5):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050335
Crayton MJ, Naher N (2022) Beyond oil spill cleanup, abandoned infrastructures affect the environment too—a case study of the lived experiences of the Niger Delta People. Public Works Management Policy. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X221128824
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2020) What is critical appraisal?. https://casp-uk.net/what-is-critical-appraisal/. Accessed 11 Nov 2022
Edun SA, Olaniyi TK, Lawani K (2023) Modelling the implications of oil pipeline vandalism on the Nigeria economy: a case study of Niger Delta region. Int J Innov Business Strategies 9:. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijibs.2046.3626.2023.0075
Egirani DE, Shehata N, Ugwu IM et al (2021) Exposure, geochemical, and spatial distribution patterns of an oil spill in parts of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Health Environ 2:103–117. https://doi.org/10.25082/HE.2021.01.005
Ejechi V (2022) 13% derivation: nine oil-producing states shared N450bn in 2021. https://www.thecable.ng/13-derivation-nine-oil-producing-states-shared-n450bn-in-2021. Accessed 23 Nov 2022
Ekeghe N (2022) Replacing oil as mainstay of Nigerian economy. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/08/31/replacing-oil-as-mainstay-of-nigerian-economy/#:~:text=Oil%20and%20gas%20accounted%20for,dependency%20on%20oil%20and%20gas. Accessed 23 Nov 2022
Eklund RL, Knapp LC, Sandifer PA, Colwell RC (2019) Oil spills and human health: contributions of the Gulf of Mexico research initiative. GeoHealth 3(12):391–406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gh000217
Elum ZA, Mopipi K, Henri-Ukoha A (2016) Oil exploitation and its socioeconomic effects on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(13):12880–12889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6864-1
Emoyoma UO, Ezejiofor AN, Frazzoli C et al (2023) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish (fresh and dried) and public health in Nigeria: a systematic review. Int J Environ Health Res 34(5):2197–2212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2023.2230915
Endler M, Saltvedt S, Eweida M, Åkerud H (2016) Oxidative stress and inflammation in retained placenta: a pilot study of protein and gene expression of GPX1 and NFκB. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16(1):1–9
Eni DD, Okpiliya FE (2011) Evaluation of on-shore oil spill remediation operations in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Int J Dev Manag Rev (INJODEMAR) 6:161–171
Ezejimofor MC, Uthman OA, Maduka O, Ezeabasili AC, Onwuchekwa AC, Ezejimofor BC, Kandala NB (2016) The burden of hypertension in an oil- and gas-polluted environment: a comparative cross-sectional study. Am J Hypertens 29(8):925–933. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw009
Giorgini P, Di Giosia P, Grassi D, Rubenfire MD, Brook R, Ferri C (2016) Air pollution exposure and blood pressure: an updated review of the literature. Curr Pharm Des 22(1):28–51
Grifoni M, Rosellini I, Angelini P, et al (2020) The effect of residual hydrocarbons in soil following oil spillages on the growth of Zea mays plants. Environ Pollut 265:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114950
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (eds) (2022) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Accessed 3 Dec 2022
Honda M, Suzuki N (2020) Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(4):1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041363
Huang S, Xia W, Sheng X, Qiu L, Zhang B, Chen T, Xu S, Li Y (2018) Maternal lead exposure and premature rupture of membranes: a birth cohort study in China. BMJ Open 8(7):e021565
Huynh Q, Marwick TH, Venkataraman P, Knibbs LD, Johnston FH, Negishi K (2021) Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with coronary artery calcification among asymptomatic adults. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 22(8):922–929. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa073
Ilevbare FM, Idemudia ES (2019) Psychosocial factors and psychological well-being in Ilaje oil-producing community, Niger-Delta region of Ondo State, Nigeria. Int J Happiness Dev 5(1):57–65
Inoni OE, Omotor DG, Adun FN (2006) The effect of oil spillage on crop yield and farm income in Delta State, Nigeria. J Central Eur Agric 1:41–48
Inyang B (2018) Militancy and youth restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Afr Res Rev 12:. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v12i4.6
Ipingbemi O (2009) Socio-economic implications and environmental effects of oil spillage in some communities in the Niger delta. J Integr Environ Sci 6:. https://doi.org/10.1080/15693430802650449
Isidiho AO, Burhan NAS, Sabran MS et al (2020) The economic impact of oil spill on communities in Imo State and the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. EDUCATUM J Soc Sci 6:. https://doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol6.2.2.2020
Ite EA, Harry TA, Obadimu CO et al (2018) Petroleum hydrocarbons contamination of surface water and groundwater in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. J Environ Pollut Human Health 6:. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-6-2-2
Kang P, Kalloniatis M, Doig GS (2021) Using updated PubMed: new features and functions to enhance literature searches. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc 326(6):479–480. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.12021
Khatatbeh M, Alzoubi K, Khabour O, Al-Delaimy W (2020) Adverse health impacts of living near an oil refinery in Jordan. Environ Health Insights 14:. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220985794
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J et al (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 6(7):e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
Maduka O, Tobin-West C (2017) Is living in a gas-flaring host community associated with being hypertensive? Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 2:e000413
Mba IC, Mba EI, Ogbuabor JE, Arazu WO (2019) Causes and terrain of oil spillage in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: the analysis of variance approach. Int J Energy Econ Policy 9(2). https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7332
Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S (2014) PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Services Res 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0579-0
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol 62:1006–1012
Moneke AN, Ezeh CC, Obi CJ (2022) Prevalence of respiratory-related ailment among residents of gas flaring states in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Air Qual Atmos Health 15(3):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01221-z
Morgan H, Parker A, Marturano N (2020) Community-based intervention and marginalised youth: inclusion, social mobility and life-course transition. J Educ Work 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2020.1767765
Nevalainen M, Helle I, Vanhatalo J (2017) Preparing for the unprecedented — towards quantitative oil risk assessment in the Arctic marine areas. Mar Pollut Bull 114:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.064
Nichodemus Nnaemeka A (2020) Environmental pollution and associated health hazards to host communities (case study: Niger delta region of Nigeria). Central Asian J Environ Sci Technol Innov 1:30–42
Nkem AC, Topp SM, Devine S et al (2022) The impact of oil industry-related social exclusion on community wellbeing and health in African countries. Front Public Health 10:858512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.858512
Nkwocha EE, Duru PO (2010) Micro-analytical study on the effect of oil pollution on local plant species and food crops, research article. Adv in Bioresearch 1:189–198
Nriagu J, Udofia E, Ekong I, Ebuk G (2016) health risks associated with oil pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(3):346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030346
O’Callaghan-Gordo C, Orta-Martínez M, Kogevinas M (2016) Health effects of non-occupational exposure to oil extraction. Environ Health 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0140-1
Obida CB, Alan Blackburn G, Duncan Whyatt J, Semple KT (2018) Quantifying the exposure of humans and the environment to oil pollution in the Niger Delta using advanced geostatistical techniques. Environ Int 111:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.009
Oghenetega OB, Okunlola MA, Ana GREE, Morhason-Bello O, Ojengbede OA (2022) Exposure to oil pollution and maternal outcomes: The Niger Delta prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 17(3):e0263495. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263495
Ojewale O, le Roux A (2022) Analysis: endless oil spills blacken Ogoniland’s prospects. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/519318-analysis-endless-oil-spills-blacken-ogonilands-prospects.html. Accessed 11 Dec 2022
Okoye OC, Awunor N (2022) Is exposure to hydrocarbons associated with chronic kidney disease in young Nigerians? A case–control study. Front Nephrol 2:. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneph.2022.1010080
Olalekan RM, Omidiji AO, Nimisngha D, Odipe OE, Olalekan AS (2018) Health risk assessment on heavy metals ingestion through groundwater drinking pathway for residents in an oil and gas producing area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Open J Yangtze Oil Gas 3:191–206. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojogas.2018.33017
Olawuyi IB, Obafemi AA, Eludoyin OS (2023) Disaster response and recovery practices among oil spill impacted communities in selected states in Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Asian J Adv Res Rep 17:. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2023/v17i9516
Olujobi OJ, Oyewunmi OA, Oyewunmi AE (2018) Oil spillage in Nigeria’s upstream petroleum sector: BEYOND the legal frameworks. Int J Energy Econ Policy 8(1):220–226
Oriaku TO, Udo NA, Iwuala IS (2017) Assessment of oil spill occurrences in sections of the Niger Delta region: causes, effects and remedial actions. SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition 1–7. https://doi.org/10.2118/189090-ms
Orisakwe OE (2021) Crude oil and public health issues in Niger Delta, Nigeria: much ado about the inevitable. Environ Res 194:110725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110725
Osofsky JD, Osofsky HJ (2021) Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Oil Spill: lessons learned about short-term and long-term effects. Int J Psychol 56:. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12729
Osuagwu ES, Olaifa E (2018) Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta. PLoS ONE 13(10):e0205114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205114
Oviasuyi PO, Uwadiae J (2010) The dilemma of niger-delta region as oil producing States of Nigeria. J Peace Conflict Dev 16:110–126
Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, McKenzie JE (2021) PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Ramesh A., Harris KJ, Archibong AE (2017) Reproductive toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. reproductive and developmental toxicology 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804239-7.00040-8
Ranganathan P, Aggarwal R (2018) Study designs: Part 1–An overview and classification. Perspect Clin Res 9:. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_124_18
Sarkar B, Islam A (2022) Assessing poverty and livelihood vulnerability of the fishing communities in the context of pollution of the Churni River, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17719-5
Shaheen N, Shaheen A, Ramadan A et al (2023) Appraising systematic reviews: a comprehensive guide to ensuring validity and reliability. Front Res Metr Anal 8:. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2023.1268045
Singh H, Bhardwaj N, Arya SK, Khatri M (2020) Environmental impacts of oil spills and their remediation by magnetic nanomaterials. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 14:100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100305
Smith V, Devane D, Begley CM, Clarke M (2011) Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol 11:. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-15
Snyder SM, Pulster EL, Murawski SA (2019) Associations between chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and health indices in Gulf of Mexico Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) post deepwater horizon. Environ Toxicol Chem 38:. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4583
Snyder SM, Fogelson SB, Pulster EL, Murawski SA (2023) Spatiotemporal patterns in the prevalence of microscopic hepatic changes in Gulf of Mexico Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) and associations with hepatic PAHs. Aquatic Toxicol 258:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106512
Tawfik GM, Dila KAS, Mohamed MYF et al (2019) A step by step guide for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis with simulation data. Trop Med Health 47:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0165-6
Tom-Ekine N, Larinde S (2011) Environmental degradation and agricultural constraint in the Niger Delta. Global Approach Extension Pract: J Agric Extension 6:. https://doi.org/10.4314/gaep.v6i1.64020
Uduji JI, Okolo-Obasi EN, Asongu SA (2019) Corporate social responsibility in Nigeria and multinational corporations in the fight against human trafficking in oil-producing communities. Local Environ: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1677583
Uduji JI, Okolo-Obasi EN, Asongu SA (2020) Oil extraction in Nigeria’s Ogoniland: The role of corporate social responsibility in averting a resurgence of violence. J Int Dev: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1677583
Uduji JI, Okolo-Obasi EN (2018) Corporate social responsibility initiatives in Nigeria and rural women livestock keepers in oil host communities. Soc Responsib J. https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-01-2018-0025
Uduji JI, Okolo-Obasi EN (2019) Corporate social responsibility in Nigeria and rural youths in sustainable traditional industries livelihood in oil-producing communities. J Int Dev 31(7):658–678. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3432
Ugwu CF, Ogba KTU, Ugwu CS (2021) Ecological and economic costs of oil spills in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Economic effects of natural disasters: theoretical foundations, methods, and tools 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817465-4.00026-1
Ukhurebor KE, Ngonso BF, Egielewa PE et al (2023) Petroleum spills and the communicative response from petroleum agencies and companies: impact assessment from the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Extractive Ind Soc 15:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101331
Umar HA, Abdul Khanan MF, Ogbonnaya C, Shiru MS, Ahmad A, Baba AI (2021) Environmental and socioeconomic impacts of pipeline transport interdiction in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Heliyon 7(5):e06999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06999
Uwasomba C, Alumona VC (2013) Militancy in the Niger Delta and the deepening crisis of the oil economy in Nigeria. Afr Dev 38(3 & 4):21–32
Wallace SS, Barak G, Truong G, Parker MW (2022) Hierarchy of Evidence Within the Medical Literature. Hosp Pediatr 12:. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2022-006690
Watts MJ, Zalik A (2020) Consistently unreliable: Oil spill data and transparency discourse. Extractive Ind Soc 7:790–795
Wizor CH, Wali E (2020) Crude oil theft in the Niger Delta: the oil companies and host communities conundrum. Int J Res Sci Innov 6:22–32
Wojuade I (2015) Niger delta militancy: a bane to Nigerian Economy. Int J Adv Acad Res. https://doi.org/10.46654/ij.24889849.a58027
Xiao Y, Watson M (2019) Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. J Plan Educ Res 39:93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971
Zabbey N, Tanee FBG (2016) Assessment of asymmetric mangrove restoration trials in Ogoniland, Niger Delta, Nigeria: Lessons for Future Intervention. Ecol Restor 34(3):245–257. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.34.3.245
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the mentorship and significant support from the Centre for Environmental Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the authors were involved in the design of the systematic review. The study idea was conceived by Ezeh, Chukwuemeka Cornelius and Onyema, Vanessa Ongodi. They both carried out the publications search in different databases. Moneke, Anene Nwabu served as the third reviewer, and also rechecked all selected studies. The manuscript was written by Ezeh, Chukwuemeka Cornelius, Onyema, Vanessa Ongodi and Obi, Chinonye Jennifer, while Moneke, Anene Nwabu proofread the manuscript. All the authors approved the final draft before submission.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
The publisher has the authors’ consent to publish this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ezeh, C.C., Onyema, V.O., Obi, C.J. et al. A systematic review of the impacts of oil spillage on residents of oil-producing communities in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33468-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33468-7