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Synergistic effects of hybrid microfibers on mechanical, thermal, and microstructural characterization of nanocomposites

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Abstract

The use of geopolymers (GP) in cementitious composites provides a solution to reduce the significant carbon emissions associated with conventional cement production, thereby advancing environmentally friendly concrete construction practices. The promise of hybrid fiber-reinforced fly ash (FA)-based GP (HFGP) composites that combine microfibers and nanoparticles has not yet been fully comprehended. This research aims to enhance the mechanical and microstructural properties of HFGP blends by varying the proportion of nano calcium carbonate (\(n-CaC{O}_{3}\)). The production of HFGP involved the use of two types of fibers: 1% carbon fibers and 0.5% basalt fibers. To achieve HFGP blends with a consistent fiber ratio, we incorporated four different levels of \(n-CaC{O}_{3}\), comprising 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the mixture. The analysis of fractured samples encompassed microstructural and mineralogical characterization, which was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results unveiled that the HFGP blend containing 3% \(n-CaC{O}_{3}\) exhibited the highest levels of hardness, compressive strength, toughness modulus, and flexural strength while the use of 2% \(n-CaC{O}_{3}\) produced the highest results for fracture toughness and impact strength. SEM analysis illustrated that \(n-CaC{O}_{3}\) had a significant positive impact on the microstructure of GP. A considerable rise in hump intensity between 20 and 40 °C (\(2\theta\)) was also seen in the XRD examination, indicating that calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) had formed after the primary binder, such as sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH), had been present. The stretching of O–H bonds in water molecules was also seen in the HFGP spectra at 3399, 3436, 3436, and 3438 cm−1. Due to the higher water content in the HFGP network, which may influence the material’s strength, these bands were more apparent and larger in specimens with additions of nanoparticles and hybrid fibers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a large group research project under grant number RGP 2/357/44.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a large group research project under grant number RGP 2/357/44.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, Abha, 61411, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Nabil Ben Kahla & Ahmed Babeker Elhag

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila, 47050, Pakistan

    Ali Raza & Hammad Haider

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  1. Nabil Ben Kahla
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Nabil Ben Kahla and Ali Raza have contributed to the methodology, investigation, project administration, validation, data collection, and software. Ahmed Babeker Elhag and Hammad Haider contributed to the conceptualization, visualization, writing—review and editing, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Ali Raza.

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Kahla, N.B., Raza, A., Elhag, A.B. et al. Synergistic effects of hybrid microfibers on mechanical, thermal, and microstructural characterization of nanocomposites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 25991–26005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32875-0

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