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Analysis and remediation of phthalates in aquatic matrices: current perspectives

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Abstract

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are high production volume chemicals used extensively as plasticizers, to increase the flexibility of the main polymer. They are reported to leach into their surroundings from plastic products and are now a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Phthalate levels have been determined in several environmental matrices, especially in water. These levels serve as an indicator of plasticizer abuse and plastic pollution, and also serve as a route of exposure to different species including humans. Reports published on effects of different PAEs on experimental models demonstrate their carcinogenic, teratogenic, reproductive, and endocrine disruptive effects. Therefore, regular monitoring and remediation of environmental water samples is essential to ascertain their hazard quotient and daily exposure levels. This review summarises the extraction and detection techniques available for phthalate analysis in water samples such as chromatography, biosensors, immunoassays, and spectroscopy. Current remediation strategies for phthalate removal such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, and microbial degradation have also been highlighted.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India (F. No. DST/TMD-EWO/WTI/2K19/EWFH/2019/271(G)). We also thank Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India for providing fellowship to author — Anannya Tuli (F. No. 09/006(0525)/2020-EMR-I).

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  1. Anannya Tuli and Gayatri Suresh have equal contribution.

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  1. High Precision Bio-Analytical Facility (DST-FIST Sponsored), Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India

    Anannya Tuli, Gayatri Suresh, Nabanita Halder & Thirumurthy Velpandian

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data curation was performed by Anannya Tuli and Gayatri Suresh. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Anannya Tuli and Gayatri Suresh. The manuscript was reviewed and edited by Nabanita Halder and Thirumurthy Velpandian. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Tuli, A., Suresh, G., Halder, N. et al. Analysis and remediation of phthalates in aquatic matrices: current perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 23408–23434 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32670-x

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