Abstracts
Diuron and Irgarol are common antifouling biocides used in paints to prevent the attachment and growth of fouling organisms on ship hulls and other submerged structures. Concerns about their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms have led to various restrictions on their use in antifouling paints worldwide. Previous studies have shown the widespread presence of these substances in port areas along the Brazilian coast, with a concentration primarily in the southern part of the country. In this study, we conducted six sampling campaigns over the course of 1 year to assess the presence and associated risks of Diuron and Irgarol in water collected from areas under the influence of the Maranhão Port Complex in the Brazilian Northeast. Our results revealed the absence of Irgarol in the study area, irrespective of the sampling season and site. In contrast, the mean concentrations of Diuron varied between 2.0 ng L−1 and 34.1 ng L−1 and were detected at least once at each sampling site. We conducted a risk assessment of Diuron levels in this area using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Our findings indicated that Diuron levels at all sampling sites during at least one campaign yielded an RQ greater than 1, with a maximum of 22.7, classifying the risk as “high” based on the proposed risk classification. This study underscores the continued concern regarding the presence of antifouling biocides in significant ports and marinas in Brazilian ports, despite international bans.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão FAPEMA (BM-02757/16) and IFMA, Marta dos S.D.F received grants from FAPEMA (BM-02141/17).
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The author Natilene Mesquita Brito, thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão FAPEMA (UNIVERSAL-01286/17) and IFMA for their financial support. José L.M. Viana received a fellowship from FAPEMA (Maranhão Foundation for Research, Science and Technology Development) (Process BM-02411/17).
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Adriana das Mercês Pereira Ferreiraa: Methodology, Validation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing—original draft. Jhuliana Monteiro de Matosa: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Translation, Writing – review; Editing Lanna Karinny Silvaa: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – review. Editing. José Lucas Martins Viana: Writing – review; Editing. Marta dos Santos Diniz Freitasb: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – review; Editing. Ozelito Possidônio de Amarante Júniora,c: Methodology, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Project administration and Funding acquisition. Teresa Cristina Rodrigues dos Santos Francod: Methodology, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Project administration and Funding acquisition. Natilene Mesquita Britoa: Methodology, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Project administration and Funding acquisition.
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das Mercês Pereira Ferreira, A., de Matos, J.M., Silva, L.K. et al. Assessing the spatiotemporal occurrence and ecological risk of antifouling biocides in a Brazilian estuary. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 3572–3581 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31286-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31286-x