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Multiple biomarker responses in female Clarias gariepinus exposed to acetaminophen

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Abstract

Several authors have documented the presences of acetaminophen (APAP) in both surface and groundwater and have received attention from government agencies and basic authorities across the globe. The impacts of such pharmaceutical products on non-target organism like fish are underestimated as a result of selected investigation using few biomarkers. We evaluated the sub-chronic impacts of APAP in female catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using multiple biomarkers. The exposure of female catfish to APAP induced oxidative stress. Markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly higher in all exposed groups. Exposure of Clarias gariepinus to APAPA caused histological alterations in the gills (fusion and shortening of some filaments, hyperplasia of the epithelial gill cells, aneurism, congestion, and epithelial rupture of the gills), liver (apoptotic hyperplasia, sinusoidal congestion, and necrosis of the hepatocytes), and gonad (degenerated follicles and ovarian apoptosis). Furthermore, multivariate results indicated that there was a distinct response from the acetaminophen-exposed female catfish, with over 95% of the biomarkers significantly contributing to the discrimination between the acetaminophen-exposed female catfish and the control groups. Our research provides evidence supporting the use of a multiple biomarker approach to evaluate the impacts of drugs on the health status of exposed fish.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was supported in part by the TETFUND Internal Based Research (TBR) 2017/2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria

    Nosakhare Osazee Erhunmwunse, Isioma Tongo & Lawrence Ikechukwu Ezemonye

  2. Igbinedion University Okada, PMB0001, Okada, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria

    Nosakhare Osazee Erhunmwunse, Isioma Tongo & Lawrence Ikechukwu Ezemonye

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  1. Nosakhare Osazee Erhunmwunse
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  2. Isioma Tongo
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Contributions

Erhunmwunse Nosakhare Osazee, Isioma Tongo, and Lawrence Ezemonye: conceptualization, methodology, and software; Erhunmwunse Nosakhare Osazee and Isioma Tongo: data curation and writing—original draft preparation. Nosakhare Osazee Erhunmwunse: visualisation and investigation. Lawrence Ezemonye and Isioma Tongo: supervision; Isioma Tongo and Erhunmwunse Nosakhare Osazee: software and validation; Erhunmwunse Nosakhare Osazee and Isioma Tongo: writing—reviewing and editing.

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Correspondence to Nosakhare Osazee Erhunmwunse.

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The use of fish for this study was authorised by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the University of Benin, and all protocols followed the International Guidelines for Animal Use.

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Highlights

• High levels of IL-6 and CRP confirm APAP-induced liver damage in exposed female fish.

• The histopathological evaluation of exposed organs provides evidence of the toxicity of APAP.

• Multivariate analysis indicates that multiple biomarkers offer more effective responses than a single biomarker.

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Erhunmwunse, N.O., Tongo, I. & Ezemonye, L.I. Multiple biomarker responses in female Clarias gariepinus exposed to acetaminophen. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 122437–122457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30721-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30721-3

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