Abstract
Small estuaries often remain neglected while characterizing air-water CO2 flux dynamics. This study reports the seasonal, spatial, and multi-annual variability of carbon biogeochemistry, emphasizing air-water CO2 flux from a small tropical mangrove-dominated estuary (Dhamra Estuary) of the Bay of Bengal, based on the 9-year-long sampling survey (2013 to 2021). The sampling covered twelve pre-fixed locations of this estuary. A suite of biogeochemical parameters was kept within the purview of this study to deliniate the interrelationship between CO2 fluxes and potential factors that can regulate/govern pCO2(aq) dynamics. Air water CO2 exchange rates were calculated using five globally accepted empirical gas transfer velocity equations and varied in a range of − 832.5 to 7904 μmol m–2 h–1. The estuary was a sink for CO2 in monsoon season, having the highest average flux rates of − 380.9 ± 125.5 μmol m–2 h–1, whereas a source in pre-monsoon (38.29 ± 913.1 μmol m–2 h–1) and post-monsoon (91.81 ± 1009.8 μmol m–2 h–1). The significant factors governing pCO2 were pH, salinity, total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This long-term seasonal study emphasizes the need to include small regional estuaries for more accurate estimates of global CO2 flux to upscale the global carbon budget and its controlling mechanism.
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The authors themselves have measured the primary data used in this study and the secondary data used in this study is duly cited all through the manuscript.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). SP is thankful to CSIR-HRDG for the SRF fellowship [Grant number: 31/9(127)/2017-EMR-I].
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Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Sanhita Swain: formal analysis, interpretation, writing
Suchismita Pattanaik: conceptualization, analysis, interpretation, original draft
Abhra Chanda: interpretation, editing, critical revision
Anirban Akhand: interpretation, editing, critical revision
Rabi Narayan Sahu: formal analysis
Arakshita Majhi: project co-ordination and administration, methodology
Chitta Ranjan Panda: project administration and methodology
Deepty Ranjan Satapathy: project administration, editing
Ranajit Kumar Sahoo: graphical input
Rajdeep Roy: project administration, editing
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Swain, S., Pattanaik, S., Chanda, A. et al. Multi-annual variability of pCO2(aq) and air-water CO2 flux in the mangrove-dominated Dhamra Estuary draining into the Bay of Bengal (India). Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 111021–111038 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29986-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29986-5