Abstract
This study employs panel data from 1990 to 2020 for the G-7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the USA) and employs the examination of heterogeneous slope coefficients and cross-sectional dependence tests as preliminary steps before conducting cointegration analysis and second-generation unit-root tests. This study employs the method of movement quantile regression (MMQR) to analyze long-run and short-run relationships. The findings from the MMQR model indicate that economic growth and imports have a negative impact on consumption-based CO2 (CCO2) emissions, which worsens at higher quantiles. On the other hand, exports, energy efficiency, and renewable energy output (REO) have a positive effect on mitigating CCO2 emissions, with this effect becoming more pronounced at higher quantiles. Furthermore, the robustness of the results was confirmed through rigorous checks using quantile regression with optimized Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques, which is a reliable non-parametric approach. These checks consistently demonstrated a significant impact on CCO2 emissions, thus validating the findings obtained from MMQR. Based on the outcomes, this study recommends that each G-7 nations should make efforts to regulate their CCO2 emissions by adopting measures that foster ecological equilibrium. Moreover, fostering export-driven sectors, exploring innovative strategies for REO, and improving energy efficiency are crucial measures for effectively tackling CCO2 emissions within the G-7 countries. The study highlights that renewable energy output (REO) and energy efficiency effectively mitigate CCO2 emissions at higher quantiles, suggesting the importance of policy measures supporting their development. Additionally, policies targeting import reduction, export promotion, and carbon pricing mechanisms emerge as strategies to curb emissions and foster sustainable development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abbass K, Qasim MZ, Song H, Murshed M, Mahmood H, Younis I (2022a) A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(28):42539–42559
Abbass K, Song H, Khan F et al (2022b) Fresh insight through the VAR approach to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on environmental pollution in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:23001–23014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17438-x
Adams S, Klobodu EK (2017) Urbanization, democracy, bureaucratic quality, and environmental degradation. J Policy Model 39(6):1035–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.04.006
Adams S, Adom PK, Klobodu EK (2016a) Urbanization, regime type and durability, and environmental degradation in Ghana. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(23):23825–23839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7513-4
Adams S, Klobodu EK, Opoku EE (2016b) Energy consumption, political regime and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Policy 96:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.029
Akadiri SS, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2019) Contemporaneous interaction between energy consumption, economic growth and environmental sustainability in South Africa: What drives what? Sci Total Environ 686:468–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.421
Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I (2015) The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy 84:382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
AlNemer HA, Hkiri B, Tissaoui K (2023) Dynamic impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emission and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: fresh evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. Renew Energy 209:340–356
Amjid SS, Bilal MQ, Nazir MS, Hussain A (2011) Biogas, renewable energy resource for Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 15(6):2833–2837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.041
Anwar A, Siddique M, Dogan E, Sharif A (2021) The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Renew Energy 164:956–967
Apergis N, Payne JE (2010) Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Econ 32(6):1392–1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.001
Apergis N, Payne JE (2014) The causal dynamics between renewable energy, real GDP, emissions and oil prices: evidence from OECD countries. Appl Econ 46(36):4519–4525. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.964834
Apergis N, Payne JE, Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y (2010) On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecol Econ 69(11):2255–2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014
Bekun FV, Alola AA, Sarkodie SA (2019) Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between CO2 emissions, resource rent, renewable and NRE in 16-EU countries. Sci Total Environ 657:1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.104
Bellante GJ, Powell SL, Lawrence RL, Repasky KS, Dougher T (2014) Hyperspectral detection of a subsurface CO2 leak in the presence of water stressed vegetation. PLoS One 9:e108299
Bhattacharya M, Awaworyi Churchill S, Paramati SR (2017) The dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutions on economic output and CO 2 emissions across regions. Renew Energy 111:157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.102
Bilgili F, Koçak E, Bulut Ü (2016) The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO 2 emissions: a revisited environmental Kuznets curve approach. Renew Sust Energ Rev 54:838–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
Bolük G, Mert M (2014) Fossil & renewable energy consumption, ghgs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: evidence from a panel of eu (european union) countries. Energy 74:439–446
Brown T, Bischof-Niemz T, Blok K, Breyer C, Lund H, Mathiesen B (2018) Response to ‘Burden of proof: a comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity systems’. Renew Sust Energ Rev 92:834–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.113
Bulut U, Muratoglu G (2018) Renewable energy in Turkey: great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy 123:240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.057
Chien T, Hu J (2007) Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies. Energy Policy 35(7):3606–3615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.033
Danish, Zhang B, Wang B, Wang Z (2017) Role of renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption on EKC: evidence from Pakistan. J Clean Prod 156:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.203
Dong K, Sun R, Hochman G (2017) Do natural gas and renewable energy consumption lead to less CO2 emission? Empirical evidence from a panel of BRICS countries. Energy 141:1466–1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.092
Dong K, Hochman G, Zhang Y, Sun R, Li H, Liao H (2018) CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: empirical evidence across regions. Energy Econ 75:180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017
Dong K, Dong X, Dong C (2019) Determinants of the global and regional CO2 emissions: What causes what and where? Appl Econ 51(46):5031–5044. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1606410
Elliott D (ed) (2007) Nuclear or not? Does nuclear power have a place in a sustainable energy future? Palgrave Macmillan, UK, pp 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230279346_8
Farhani S (2013) Renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from selected MENA countries. Energy Econ Lett 1:24–41
Farhani S, Shahbaz M (2014) What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region? Renew Sust Energ Rev 40:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.170
Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (2019) The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energ Strat Rev 24:38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006
Gonzalez PF, Landajo M, Presno MJ (2014) Tracking european union co2 emissions through lmdi (logarithmic-mean divisia index) decomposition. The activity revaluation approach. Energy 73:741–750
Haase FT, Bergmann A, Jones TE, Timoshenko J, Herzog A, Jeon HS, Rettenmaier C, Cuenya BR (2022) Size effects and active state formation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles during the oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Energy 7:765–773
Halicioglu F (2009) An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy 37(3):1156–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
Hasanov FJ, Liddle B, Mikayilov JI (2018) The impact of international trade on CO2 emissions in oil exporting countries: territory vs consumption emissions accounting. Energy Econ 74:343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.06.004
Hashem Pesaran M, Yamagata T (2008) Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. J Econ 142(1):50–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Heal G (2010) Reflections—the economics of renewable energy in the United States. Rev Environ Econ Policy 4(1):139–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rep018
IEA (2013) Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL)-Global Tracking Framework Report, vol 60. World Development, pp 84–98
Ike GN, Usman O, Sarkodie SA (2020) Fiscal policy and CO2 emissions from heterogeneous fuel sources in Thailand: evidence from multiple structural breaks cointegration test. Sci Total Environ 702:134711
Imran M, Rafiq M, Imranullah. (2019a) A spatiotemporal approach to measure impact of factors of production on innovations. J Appl Econ Bus Stud 3(1):61–78. https://doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.318
Imran M, Kaleem M, Ul Haq Z (2019b) Evaluation of students perception regarding educational environment and future prospects: a comparative study of Bacha Khan University and Abdul wali Khan University. SJESR 2(2):81–99. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol2-iss2-2019(81-99)
Imran M, Husen A, Kaleem M, Bangash AK, Din NU, Sobia. (2020) Effect of regional factor productivity on manufacturing sector: the case of sino-pak economic ties. Financial Innov 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0163-z
Ji X, Umar M, Ali S, Ali W, Tang K, Khan Z (2020) Does fiscal decentralization and eco-innovation promote sustainable environment? A case study of selected fiscally decentralized countries. Sustain Dev 29(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2132
Kahia M, Aïssa MS, Lanouar C (2017) Renewable and non-renewable energy use-economic growth nexus: the case of MENA net oil importing countries. Renew Sust Energ Rev 71:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.010
Kamran M (2018) Current status and future success of renewable energy in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:609–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.049
Khan MK, Khan MI, Rehan M (2020) The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innov 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0
Khan Y, Hassan T, Tufail M, Marie M, Imran M, Xiuqin Z (2022) The nexus between CO2 emissions, human capital, technology transfer, and renewable energy: evidence from Belt and Road countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(39):59816–59834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20020-8
Knight K, Schor J (2014) Economic growth and climate change: a cross-national analysis of territorial and consumption-based carbon emissions in high-income countries. Sustainability 6(6):3722–3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6063722
Kumar J, Xi C, Imran M, Kumari J (2022) Cross border project in China-Pakistan economic corridor and its influence on women empowerment perspectives. PLoS One 17(6):e0269025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269025
Lamb WF, Steinberger JK, Bows-Larkin A, Peters GP, Roberts JT, Wood FR (2014) Transitions in pathways of human development and carbon emissions. Environ Res Lett 9(1):014011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014011
Lee JW (2018) Long-run dynamics of renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions and economic growth in the European Union. Int J Sust Dev World:1–10
Liddle B (2018a) Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus in Asia: a heterogeneous, common factor panel analysis. Sustainability 10(10):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103627
Liddle B (2018b) Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus. Energy Econ 69:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.004
Luqman M, Ahmad N, Bakhsh K (2019) Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan: evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model. Renew Energy 139:1299–1309
Machado JA, Silva JS (2019) Quantiles via moments. J Econom 213:145–173
Masoudi N, Dahmardeh Ghaleno N, Esfandiari M (2020) Investigating the impacts of technological innovation and renewable energy on environmental pollution in countries selected by the International Renewable Energy Agency: a quantile regression approach. Casp J Environ Sci 18:97–107
Mert M, Bölük G (2016) Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto annex countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(21):21669–21681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7
Michieka NM, Fletcher J, Burnett W (2013) An empirical analysis of the role of China’s exports on CO2 emissions. Appl Energy 104:258–267
Mirza FM, Kanwal A (2017) Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Pakistan: dynamic causality analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 72:1233–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.081
Mirza UK, Ahmad N, Harijan K, Majeed T (2009) Identifying and addressing barriers to renewable energy development in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(4):927–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.11.006
Murshed M (2020) Electricity conservation opportunities within private university campuses in Bangladesh. Energy Environ 31(2):256–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X19857209
Namahoro JP, Wu Q, Zhou N, Xue S (2021) Impact of energy intensity, renewable energy, and economic growth on CO2 emissions: evidence from Africa across regions and income levels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 147(2021):111233
Nasreen S, Anwar S, Ozturk I (2017) Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: evidence from South Asian economies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:1105–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.021
Ocal O, Aslan A (2013) Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renew Sust Energ Rev 28:494–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.036
Olivier, J.G., Peters, J.A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., 2012. Trends in global CO2 emissions 2012 report.
Paramati SR, Sinha A, Dogan E (2017) The significance of renewable energy use for economic output and environmental protection: evidence from the next 11 developing economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13546–13560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8985-6
Pesaran MH (2006) Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica 74(4):967–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econom 22:265–312
Pesaran MH (2014) Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econ Rev 34(6-10):1089–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
Pesaran MH, Schuermann T, Weiner SM (2004) Modeling regional interdependencies using a global error-correcting macroeconometric model. J Bus Econ Stat 22:129–162
Peters GP, Davis SJ, Andrew R (2012) A synthesis of carbon in international trade. Biogeosciences 9(8):3247–3276. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3247-2012
Pirlogea C, Cicea C (2012) Econometric perspective of the energy consumption and economic growth relation in european union. Renew Sust Energ Rev 16(8):5718–5726
Protocol K (1997) United Nations framework convention on climate change. Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto 19:1–21
Rajamani L (2010) III. The making and unmaking of the Copenhagen accord. Int Comp Law Q 59:824–843
Sadorsky P (2009) Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy Policy 37(10):4021–4028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.003
Safi A, Chen Y, Wahab S, Ali S, Yi X, Imran M (2021) Financial instability and consumption-based carbon emission in E-7 countries: the role of trade and economic growth. Sustain Prod Consum 27:383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.034
Salari M, Javid RJ, Noghanibehambari H (2021) The nexus between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the US. Econ Anal Pol 69(2021):182–194
Sarkodie SA, Adams S (2018) Renewable energy, nuclear energy, and environmental pollution: accounting for political institutional quality in South Africa. Sci Total Environ 643:1590–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.320
Sarkodie SA, Strezov V (2018) Assessment of contribution of Australia’s energy production to CO2 emissions and environmental degradation using statistical dynamic approach. Sci Total Environ 639:888–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.204
Sen S, Ganguly S (2017) Opportunities, barriers and issues with renewable energy development–a discussion. Renew Sust Energ Rev 69:1170–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.137
Shahbaz M, Kumar Tiwari A, Nasir M (2013) The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa. Energy Policy 61:1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.006
Shahbaz M, Loganathan N, Zeshan M, Zaman K (2015a) Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 44:576–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.017
Shahbaz M, Solarin SA, Sbia R, Bibi S (2015b) Does energy intensity contribute to CO2 emissions? A trivariate analysis in selected African countries. Ecol Indic 50:215–224
Shahbaz M, Loganathan N, Muzaffar AT, Ahmed K, Ali Jabran M (2016) How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model. Renew Sust Energ Rev 57:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.096
Shahnazi R, Shabani ZD (2021) The effects of renewable energy, spatial spillover of CO2 emissions and economic freedom on CO2 emissions in the EU. Renew Energy 169:293–307
Shahzad MK, Zahid A, Ur Rashid T, Rehan MA, Ali M, Ahmad M (2017) Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar-biomass off grid system for the electrification of remote rural areas in Pakistan using HOMER software. Renew Energy 106:264–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.033
Shayanmehr S, Rastegari Henneberry S, Sabouhi Sabouni M, Shahnoushi Foroushani N (2020a) Climate change and sustainability of crop yield in dry regions food insecurity. Sustainability 12:9890
Shayanmehr S, Rastegari Henneberry S, Sabouhi Sabouni M, Shahnoushi Foroushani N (2020b) Drought, climate change, and dryland wheat yield response: an econometric approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:5264
Sufyanullah K, Ahmad KA, Ali MAS (2022) Does emission of carbon dioxide is impacted by urbanization? An empirical study of urbanization, energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions-using ARDL bound testing approach. Energy Policy 164:112908
Tareen WU, Anjum Z, Yasin N, Siddiqui L, Farhat I, Malik SA, Mekhilef S, Seyedmahmoudian M, Horan B, Darwish M, Aamir M, Chek LW (2018) The prospective non-conventional alternate and renewable energy sources in Pakistan—a focus on biomass energy for power generation, transportation, and industrial fuel. Energies 11(9):2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092431
Uchiyama K (2016) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. SpringerBriefs Econ:11–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55921-4_2
Union, CotE, 2015. Preparations for the 21st session of the Conference of the Par-ties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11). Press Release 657/15, Paris 2015.
Wahab S, Imran M, Safi A, Wahab Z, Kirikkaleli D (2022) Role of financial stability, technological innovation, and renewable energy in achieving sustainable development goals in BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(32):48827–48838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18810-1
Westerlund J (2007) Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69(6):709–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
Westerlund J, Edgerton DL (2008) A simple test for cointegration in dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 70(5):665–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00513.x
World development indicators (2021) DataBank | The World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Yang X, Khan I (2021) Dynamics among economic growth, urbanization, and environmental sustainability in IEA countries: the role of industry value added. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16000-z
Yang B, Ali M, Nazir MR, Ullah W, Qayyum M (2020) Financial instability and CO2 emissions: cross-country evidence. Air Qual Atmos Health 13(4):459–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00809-7
Zahoor Z, Khan I, Hou F (2021) Clean energy investment and financial development as determinants of environment and sustainable economic growth: evidence from China. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16832-9
Zakari A, Adedoyin FF, Bekun FV (2021) The effect of energy consumption on the environment in the OECD countries: economic policy uncertainty perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:52295–52305
Zakari A, Khan I, Tan D, Alvarado R, Dagar V (2022a) Energy efficiency and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Energy 239:122365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122365
Zakari A, Khan I, Tawiah V, Alvarado R (2022b) Reviewing the ecological footprints of Africa top carbon consumer: a quantile on quantile analysis. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03904-z
Zeb R, Salar L, Awan U, Zaman K, Shahbaz M (2014) Causal links between renewable energy, environmental degradation and economic growth in selected SAARC countries: progress towards green economy. Renew Energy 71:123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.05.012
Zhang Y, Da Y (2015) The decomposition of energy-related carbon emission and its decoupling with economic growth in China. Renew Sust Energ Rev 41:1255–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.021
Funding
This paper is supported by the “National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), no. 51874237, U1904210, 71273208.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Bowen Luo: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft. Arshad Ahmad Khan: investigation, data curation, software, methodology, formal analysis, writing—review and editing. Xiaoming Wu: formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing, data curation. Hongxia Li: funding acquisition, project administration and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This is an observational study, and we confirmed that no ethical approval is required.
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: V.V.S.S. Sarma
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, B., Khan, A.A., Wu, X. et al. Navigating carbon emissions in G-7 economies: a quantile regression analysis of environmental-economic interplay. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 104697–104712 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29722-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29722-z