Abstract
This study presented the mixture of biochar and soil for removal of bisphenol A (BPA) to assess environmental remediation ability. Using phoenix tree leaves as biomass and phosphoric acid as activator, after one-step hydrothermal and short-term activation, the eventual solid product was phosphoric acid hydrothermal activated carbon (HPC). The characterizations showed that HPC had the high specific surface (994.21 m2·g−1), and large unsaturated esters and hydroxyl groups. The saturated adsorption capacities of batch and column adsorption for the addition of 0.5% HPC to soil were 0.790 mg·g−1 and 67.23 mg·kg−1, while to the natural soil were 0.236 mg·g−1 and 8.75 mg·kg−1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process utilizing HPC incorporated into soil was a chemical reaction rate-controlled, physical-dominated multilayer adsorption, and spontaneous endothermic. Also, batch adsorption experiments and analysis were performed under different pH levels, HPC contents, organic acid concentrations, and cationic strengths. Successively, fixed-bed column experiments were carried out with and without the HPC; the results showed that the wide mass transfer zone led to the effective fixation of BPA, and the organic acid had no obvious effect on the fixation of BPA when the 1.0% HPC mixed with soil. Finally, through characterizations and data analysis, the enhanced adsorption of BPA by HPC mixed with soil mainly relied on π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, followed by electrostatic attraction and pore filling.
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The sample of adsorbents and all the biochar-soil is available from the corresponding author. The raw data files are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
Our special gratitude goes to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions to improve the quality of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Open Research Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University (No. 2018104), and Wuhan Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No. 2020020601012274).
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Fengying Wu: methodology, investigation, data curation, and writing original draft. Xiangyi Gong: conceptualization, methodology, and writing original draft. Dekang Meng: supervision and writing—review and editing. Hao Li: writing—review and editing. Dajun Ren: methodology, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing—review and editing Jiaquan Zhang: funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Wu, F., Gong, X., Meng, D. et al. Effective immobilization of bisphenol A utilizing activated biochar incorporated into soil: combined with batch adsorption and fixed-bed column studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 103259–103273 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29657-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29657-5