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Surface water quality, public health, and ecological risks in Bangladesh—a systematic review and meta-analysis over the last two decades

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Abstract

Water quality has recently emerged as one of the utmost severe ecological problems being faced by the developing countries all over the world, and Bangladesh is no exception. Both surface and groundwater sources contain different contaminants, which lead to numerous deaths due to water-borne diseases, particularly among children. This study presents one of the most comprehensive reviews on the current status of water quality in Bangladesh with a special emphasis on both conventional pollutants and emerging contaminants. Data show that urban rivers in Bangladesh are in a critical condition, especially Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha, Pashur, and Padma. The Buriganga River and few locations in the Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, and Karnaphuli rivers have dissolvable oxygen (DO) levels of almost zero. Many waterways contain traces of NO3, NO2, and PO4−3 pollutants. The majority of the rivers in Bangladesh also have Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, As, and Cr concentrations that exceed the WHO permissible limits for safe drinking water, while their metal concentrations exceed the safety threshold for irrigation. Mercury poses the greatest hazard with 90.91% of the samples falling into the highest risk category. Mercury is followed by zinc 57.53% and copper 29.16% in terms of the dangers they pose to public health and the ecosystem. Results show that a considerable percentage of the population is at risk, being exposed to contaminated water. Despite hundreds of cryptosporidiosis cases reported, fecal contamination, i.e., Cryptosporidium, is totally ignored and need serious considerations to be regularly monitored in source water.

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All data are mentioned in the figures and tables of the main manuscript and supplementary material submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Beijing Normal University and International Islamic University Islamabad for provision of resources.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China

    Hazrat Bilal, Xiaowen Li, Yonglin Mu & Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan

  2. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Multan Road, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahid Iqbal

  3. Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Asad Ghufran

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  1. Hazrat Bilal
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  3. Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
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  4. Yonglin Mu
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  5. Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan
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  6. Muhammad Asad Ghufran
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Contributions

Hazrat Bilal: conceptualization, writing—original draft. Muhammad Shahid Iqbal: writing—original draft. Xavier Supe and Yonglin Mu: model calculations. Muhammad Asad Ghufran: supervision, review and editing. Xiaowen Li: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision and fund acquisition.

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Correspondence to Xiaowen Li.

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Bilal, H., Li, X., Iqbal, M.S. et al. Surface water quality, public health, and ecological risks in Bangladesh—a systematic review and meta-analysis over the last two decades. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 91710–91728 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28879-x

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