The carbon reduction effects of stepped carbon emissions trading and carbon capture and storage on hybrid wind-PV-thermal- storage generation operating systems

Abstract

To accelerate the low-carbon transformation of the power industry, a range of carbon emission reduction policies and technologies have emerged. However, the current China’s carbon emissions trading (CET) policy is inadequate in encouraging power generation enterprises to take proactive measures towards emission reduction due to challenges like fixed and low carbon prices. The high proportion of renewable energy in electricity consumption also faces significant challenges due to the unpredictable nature of wind and PV energy. Therefore, this paper applies stepped CET mechanism, energy storage system (ES) system and carbon capture and storage (CCS) mechanism together to hybrid renewable energy system, aiming to study their synergistic carbon emission reduction effect. Firstly, the paper constructs the stepped CET model considering incentives and penalties. Secondly, the stepped CET model, ES system and CCS are jointly introduced into the hybrid renewable energy system. Finally, a scenario analysis is conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of various carbon emissions reduction policies and technologies in the operation of power generation systems. The results show that: i) compared with traditional CET, the stepped CET increases renewable energy consumption by 0.12% and reduces carbon emissions by 0.6%; ii) the introduction of stepped CET and ES equipment together consumes an additional 36.1% of renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions by 32.4%; iii) based on stepped CET model and ES equipment, the introduction of CCS system reduces carbon emissions by 29.4%.

Appendix

Nomenclature

Symbols

CET:

Carbon emissions trading

CCS:

Carbon capture and storage

ES:

Energy storage

Variables

${P}_{pv,t}^{p}$ :

Output power of the PV unit at time t

${u}_{i,t}$ :

State variable of CCS unit i at time t

${\rho }_{esd}^{dis}$, ${\rho }_{esd}^{ch}$ :

Power loss rate in charging and discharging states

${P}_{w,t}$,${P}_{pv,t}$ :

Predicted output of wind power and PV at time t

${E}_{i,t}^{c,total}$ :

Total CO₂ capture of carbon capture unit i at time t

Index

i :

Index of carbon capture unit

t :

Index of time period

Parameters

${P}_{i,t}^{CCS}$ :

Total output of carbon capture unit i at time t

${P}_{th,i,t}^{s}$ :

Net output power of the unit i at time t

${E}_{c,i,t}$ :

Amount of CO₂ that can be captured by carbon capture unit i at time t

$\varepsilon$ :

Carbon dioxide capture efficiency of the CCS

${E}_{i,t}^{CCS}$ :

Carbon emissions of carbon capture unit i at time t

${C}_{coal}$ :

Average price per unit of standard coal

${C}_{ES}$ :

Cost of energy storage equipment generation

${C}_{CT}$ :

Cost of CET taking into considering the incentive and penalty factors

${\pi }_{w}$, ${\pi }_{pv}$ :

Curtailment penalty cost coefficients of wind power and PV

${C}_{rj,i,t}^{CCS}$ :

Solvent loss cost of carbon capture unit i at time t

${P}_{cm,t}^{p}$ :

Total prediction error of the combined wind-PV system power at time t

${V}_{lst,i}$ :

Storage capacity of liquid storage tank of carbon capture unit i

${\tau }_{i}^{CCS}$ :

Net residual value of carbon capture unit i

${T}_{lst,i}$ :

Depreciable life of the storage tank

${T}_{ecs,i}$ :

Depreciable life of other CCS equipment

${C}_{ecs,i}$ :

Cost of additional equipment in the CCS

${C}_{lst,i}$ :

Cost per unit volume of liquid storage tank of carbon capture unit i

${\sigma }_{w}$ :

Standard deviation of prediction error distribution of wind turbines

$I{C}_{w}$ :

Total installed capacity of wind turbines

${\mu }_{w}$ :

Mean value of the error distribution of wind turbines

${\sigma }_{pv}$ :

Standard deviation of prediction error distribution of PV units

$I{C}_{pv}$ :

Total installed capacity of PV units

${\mu }_{pv}$ :

Mean value of the error distribution of PV units

${C}_{CT}$ :

Stepped CET cost

${E}_{C{O}_{2}}$ :

Actual carbon emissions

${\pi }_{c}$, ${\pi }_{d}$ :

Operating loss cost of ES equipment under unit charging and discharging power

${P}_{pv,r}$ :

Rated power of the PV unit

${L}_{t}$ :

Light intensity of the current period

${L}_{ST}$ :

Light intensity at standard temperature, taken as $1000W/{m}^{2}$

${G}_{t}$ :

Total load demand of the system power supply

${T}_{t}$ :

Current ambient temperature

${P}_{CCS,i}^{\mathrm{max}}$, ${P}_{CCS,i}^{\mathrm{min}}$ :

Maximum and minimum net output of carbon capture unit

${P}_{w,t}^{\mathrm{max}}$, ${P}_{pv,t}^{\mathrm{max}}$ :

Predicted maximum output of wind power and PV

${\theta }_{\text{th,i}}$ :

Station service power consumption rate

${\theta }_{w}$, ${\theta }_{pv}$ :

Station service power consumption rate of wind power and photovoltaic power

${P}_{CCS,i}^{\mathrm{max}}$, ${P}_{CCS,i}^{\mathrm{min}}$ :

Maximum and minimum output limits

${T}_{i,t}^{on}$, ${T}_{i,t}^{off}$ :

Continuous operation and shutdown time

${v}_{cs,i,t}$ :

Net flow rate of carbon dioxide containing solution into rich liquid tank and lean liquid tank of carbon capture unit

${P}_{co,i,t}$, ${P}_{cm,i,t}$ :

Operating and maintenance energy consumption of carbon capture unit

$\kappa$ :

Carbon dioxide resolution of the regeneration tower during the conversion of the solution of the CCS

${r}_{dg}$, ${r}_{dw}$, ${r}_{dpv}$ :

Bottom-spin backup coefficients for load, wind power, and PV

${V}_{i}^{r,\mathrm{max}}$, ${V}_{i}^{p,\mathrm{max}}$ :

Maximum solution storage capacity of rich liquid tank and lean liquid tank

${P}_{esd,t}^{\mathrm{max},ch}$, ${P}_{esd,t}^{\mathrm{max},dis}$ :

Maximum charging and discharging power of ES per unit of time.

${\delta }_{c,i,t}$ t :

Flue gas split for carbon capture unit i at time

$b$ :

Energy consumption per unit of CO₂ captured

${\xi }_{\text{w}}$, ${\xi }_{\text{pv}}$ :

Curtailment rates of wind power and PV

${M}_{CS}$ :

Conversion factor of carbon dioxide content in the solution of the carbon capture unit

${P}_{i,v}^{CCS}$ :

Ramping rate of carbon capture unit i

${P}_{w,r}$ :

Rated power of wind turbines

${P}_{th,i,t}^{s}$ :

Net output power of carbon capture unit i at time t

${a}_{0,i}$, ${a}_{1,i}$, ${a}_{2,i}$ :

Function of the constant term, primary term and secondary term coefficients

${\rho }_{w}$, ${\rho }_{pv}$ :

Operating cost factors per unit of electricity generated from wind and PV

${P}_{w,t}$, ${P}_{pv,t}$ :

Active power of wind and PV units

${P}_{c,i,t}$ :

Total energy consumption of carbon capture unit i at time t

${P}_{w,t}^{\mathrm{max}}$, ${P}_{w,t}^{\mathrm{max}}$ :

Predicted maximum output of wind power and PV

${C}_{qt,i,t}^{CCS}$ :

Start-stop cost of carbon capture unit i at time t

${P}_{esd,t}^{ch}$, ${P}_{esd,t}^{dis}$ :

Charging and discharging power at time t

${c}_{0,i}$, ${c}_{1,i}$, ${c}_{2,i}$ :

Constant, primary and secondary term coefficients of the carbon emission function

$k$ :

Converted temperature coefficient at ambient temperature

${P}_{rj}^{c}$ :

Cost of ethanolamine solution consumed to capture a unit of CO₂

${P}_{t}^{av}$ :

The mean value of hybrid renewable energy system output fluctuation at time t

${C}_{mh,i,t}^{CCS}$ :

Coal consumption cost of carbon capture unit i at time t

${E}_{ct}$ :

Initial carbon emission allowance allocation

$e$, ${e}{\prime}$ :

The lengths of the carbon emission intervals for the bonuses and penalties

$S$ :

Effective light area of the PV array

${P}_{ct}$ :

Benchmark CET price

$\alpha$ :

Carbon price penalty coefficient

$\beta$ :

Carbon price reward coefficient

${\sigma }_{cm}$, ${\mu }_{cm}$ :

Standard deviation and mean value of the prediction error of the combined wind-PV system power

${T}_{ST}$ :

Standard temperature, taken as 25 °C

$\gamma$ :

Photoelectric conversion efficiency

$E$ :

The parity interval with no rewards and penalties for the carbon price

$S{U}_{i}$, $S{D}_{i}$ :

Start-up and shutdown cost of carbon capture unit i

$b$ :

Amount of energy consumption capture a unit of CO₂

${M}_{CS}$ :

Solution conversion factor

${P}_{w,t}^{\mathrm{min}}$, ${P}_{pv,t}^{\mathrm{min}}$ :

Predicted minimum output of wind power and PV at time t

${q}_{esd}^{\mathrm{max}}$, ${q}_{esd}^{\mathrm{min}}$ :

Maximum and minimum storage capacity of the energy storage device

$\phi$ :

Rated storage capacity factor of the energy storage device at the beginning of the period.

${\alpha }_{ne}$ :

The weight of non-water renewable energy consumption responsibility

${M}_{i}^{on}$, ${M}_{i}^{off}$ :

Minimum continuous operation and shutdown time of carbon capture unit i

${P}_{c,i,t}$, ${P}_{co,i,t}$, ${P}_{cm,i,t}$ :

Total energy consumption, operation energy consumption and maintenance energy consumption of the CCS of carbon capture unit i at time t

${r}_{ug}$, ${r}_{uw}$, ${r}_{upv}$ :

Top-spin backup coefficients for load, wind power, and PV

${E}_{cs,i,t}$ :

Carbon dioxide content of the solution flowing from the storage tank into the rich and lean tanks by carbon capture unit i at time t

${V}_{i,t}^{C,r}$, ${V}_{i,t}^{C,p}$ :

Solution storage capacity of rich liquid tank and lean liquid tank of carbon capture unit i at time t

${q}_{start}$, ${q}_{end}$ :

Storage capacity of energy storage device, the beginning of the cycle period, and the end of the cycle period

${q}_{t}$, ${q}_{start}$, ${q}_{end}$ :

Storage capacity of energy storage device, the beginning of the cycle period, and the end of the cycle period