Abstract
In the present study, the waste carbon cartridge of the water filter was modified and reutilized for defluoridation of water. The modified carbon was characterized by particle size analysis (PSA), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, pHzpc, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray crystallography (XRD). The adsorptive nature of modified carbon was investigated with pH (4–10), dose (1–5 g/L), contact time (0–180 min), temperature (25–55 °C), fluoride concentration (5–20 mg/L), and the effect of the competitive ions. Adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics, and breakthrough studies were evaluated for fluoride uptake on surface-modified carbon (SM*C). Fluoride adsorption on the carbon accepted Langmuir model (R2 = 0.983) and pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.956). The presence of HCO3− in the solution reduced the elimination of fluoride. The carbon was regenerated and reused four times; the removal percentage was decreased from 92 to 31.7%. This adsorption phenomenon showed exothermic behavior. The maximum fluoride uptake capacity of SM*C achieved 2.97 mg/g at 20 mg/L of initial concentration. The modified carbon cartridge of the water filter was successfully employed for fluoride removal from water.
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Funding
UGC-BSR Research Start Up Grant, Project No. F. 30-382/2017, provided financial support to perform this study. UGC New Delhi, India provided NFSC fellowship as Junior Research Fellowship (No. F.82-1/2018, SA-III) to Chandra Bhan.
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Chandra Bhan: conceptualization, methodology, writing — original draft preparation, visualization, validation. Jiwan Singh: supervision, writing — review and editing, validation, resources. Naincy Sahu: formal analysis, investigation. Janardhan Reddy Koduru: writing — reviewing and editing.
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Highlights
•Carbon cartridges recycled, reused, and managed for defluoridation of water
•Waste cartridge carbon was activated with iron by surface modification
•The material was characterized by EDS, FTIR, XRD, and XPS
•Fluoride-contaminated water was treated through continuous flow process
•More than 92% of fluoride ions were successfully removed from the water
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Bhan, ., Singh, J., Sahu, N. et al. Reutilization of carbon of waste filter cartridge after its surface modification for the fluoride removal from water by continuous flow process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 87483–87499 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28573-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28573-y