Abstract
Biofilms are made up of bacterial colonies and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, which protects the bacteria from adverse environmental conditions. The increasing drug resistivity of pathogenic bacteria is becoming an emergency for developing new antibacterial agents. In this study, we have synthesized the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the leaf extract of Saraca asoca plant, and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of green synthesized ZnO NPs was measured against the biofilm-producing bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The disk diffusion data reveals that the zone of inhibition (ZOI) starts at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and minimum inhibition concentration (100 µg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (150 µg/mL) values were also evaluated for green synthesized ZnO nanomaterials. Crystal violet test and microscopic examination were used to assess the impact of produced nanoparticles on biofilm development. The findings indicated a nearly 45%, 64%, and 83% suppression of biofilm development at 0.5 × MIC, 0.75 × MIC, and 1 × MIC value, respectively. The biofilm biomass of the preformed or matured biofilms by the ZnO NPs was evaluated to be 68%, 50%, and 33% at concentrations of 0.5 × MIC, 0.75 × MIC, and 1 × MIC which was concentration-dependent. Moreover, flow cytometry results suggest damage to the bacterial cell membrane. The data indicated that the proportion of dead cells increased with NP concentration in comparison to the control. Therefore, it can be concluded that the green synthetic ZnO nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the Bacillus subtilis bacteria that produce biofilms and that they could be a promising substitute agent for the treatment of biofilms and drug-resistant bacteria.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Materials Research Centre, MNIT Jaipur for providing the characterization facilities.
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Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Govt. of India, and IUAC, New Delhi [UFR 66323] provided financial support.
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All authors have contributed to the study conception and design Ankush Agrawal: material preparation, data collection and analysis, writing manuscript. Ruhani Sharma: data collection, formal analysis, writing manuscript. Ankita Sharma: data collection, formal analysis. Kailash Chand Gurjar: visualization and editing, Sanjay Kumar: data collection and analysis, writing manuscript. Samit Chatterjee: formal analysis and editing, Harsh Pandey: formal analysis and editing, Kamlendra Awasthi: conceptualization and editing. Anjali Awasthi: conceptualization, experimental designing, supervision and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Agrawal, A., Sharma, R., Sharma, A. et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using Saraca asoca leaves. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 86328–86337 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28524-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28524-7