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Comparative valuation of the chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity and their hematological and histopathological consequences in pigeons

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Abstract

Globally agrochemicals are widely used in the agricultural sectors, posing potential eco-toxicological risks and disrupting various lifeforms including birds. Thus, the current work was conducted to compare the acute toxic impacts of pesticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin) on the pigeon’s health. In total 50 adult pigeons were purchased from a local market where these pigeons were fed on pollution-free food. Post adaptation period (15 days), the pigeons were arbitrarily separated into five distinct groups after having been identified in this manner by chance (each group containing 10 pigeons). Control group (group 1) was not treated with any pesticide while the remaining groups (groups 2, 3, and 4) were treated with 0.25-mg/kg body weight of chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and a mixture of all three pesticides (group 5), respectively. After 36 days of exposure, the groups that had been exposed to the pesticide showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in both the total number of platelets and the number of white blood cells (WBCs), in comparison to the control group. On the other hand, the groups that were exposed to the insecticides had significantly lower levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) (p < 0.05). The value of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in acetamiprid-exposed group, while a significant increase was observed in other pesticide-exposed groups. Obvious histopathological changes were observed in the tissues of control group and no such changes were reported by control group. Necrosis, pyknosis, lymphocyte infiltration, congestion of blood, dissolution of plasma membrane, and vacuolation were observed in the livers of pesticide-treated pigeons. The intestinal study showed the formation of goblet cells, villi rupturing, degeneration of serosa, necrosis, and pyknosis in treated groups. Renal alterations, dilation of renal tubules, reduction of glomerulus tissue, and edema were observed. This study manifests that the uncontrolled use of pesticides impairs ecosystems and poses a substantial health risk to wildlife and ultimately to human.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Health @ InnoHK (Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE) Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China for providing support in preparation of this comprehensive peer research.

Funding

Industry-University-Research Project of Fuyang Normal University (HX2021027000 and HX2022048000) funded this work.

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Author notes

  1. Shumaila Noreen, Ibrar Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Shehzad Khan, and Bibi Zarnaab contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China

    Shumaila Noreen, Ibrar Muhammad Khan & Yong Liu

  2. Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Shumaila Noreen, Bibi Zarnaab & Shehzad Ghayyur

  3. Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong (HKSAR), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Muhammad Shehzad Khan

  4. Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE) Shatin City, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR

    Muhammad Shehzad Khan

  5. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Iram Gul & Waqar Azeem Jadoon

  6. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zahoor Khan

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  1. Shumaila Noreen
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Contributions

Shumaila Noreen, Waqar Azeem Jadoon Ibrar Muhammad Khan, Yong Liu, and Muhammad Shahzad Khan: conceptualization, supervision, writing — review and editing; Bibi Zarnaab: methodology, investigation, visualization; Iram Gul: writing — original draft, reviewing, editing; Muhammad Zahoor Khan and Shehzad Ghayyur: reviewing.

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Correspondence to Yong Liu.

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The experimental animals were kept under conducive environment and every possible effort were made to minimized stress upon the animals following ethical guidelines of animal ethical committee, Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan.

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Noreen, ., Khan, I.M., Khan, M.S. et al. Comparative valuation of the chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, and lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity and their hematological and histopathological consequences in pigeons. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 92817–92829 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28515-8

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