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Application of silicon and sodium hydrosulfide alleviates arsenic toxicity by regulating the physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Zea mays

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Abstract

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals (such as arsenic (As)) is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy, although the use of silicon (Si) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses including the As toxicity. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted using the different levels of As toxicity in the soil, i.e., (0 mM (no As), 50, and 100 µM) which were also supplied with the different exogenous levels of Si, i.e., (0 (no Si), 1.5, and 3 mM) and also with the NaHS, i.e., (0 (no NaHS), 1, and 2 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), and their gene expression, ion uptake, organic acid exudation, and As uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of As in the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. In contrast, increasing levels of As in the soil significantly (P < 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in terms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage and also increased organic acid exudation patter in the roots of Z. mays, although the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the response of their gene expressions in the roots and shoots of the plants and non-enzymatic such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents were initially increased with the exposure of 50 µM As, but decreased by the increasing the As concentration 100 µM in the soil. The negative impact of As toxicity can overcome the application of Si and NaHS, which ultimately increased plant growth and biomass by capturing the reactive oxygen species and decreased oxidative stress in Z. mays by decreasing the As contents in the roots and shoots of the plants. Our results also showed that the Si was more sever and showed better results when we compared with NaHS under the same treatment of As in the soil. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the combined application of Si and NaHS can ameliorate As toxicity in Z. mays, resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan. The Teaching & Research Practice Field for School of Public Administration provided the pot experiment site.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51974313, 41907405).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71421, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Aishah Alatawi

  2. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej

  3. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21493, Saudi Arabia

    Rana M. Alshegaihi

  4. Department of Biological Resources, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Brunszvik U. 2, H‐2462, Martonvásár, Hungary

    Muhammad Ahsan Asghar

  5. Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan

    Sahar Mumtaz

  6. Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 192101, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Ghulam Yasin

  7. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania

    Romina Alina Marc

  8. Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

  9. Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt

    Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy

  10. Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Sadia Javed

  11. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Shafaqat Ali

  12. Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Shafaqat Ali

Authors
  1. Aishah Alatawi
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  2. Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej
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  5. Sahar Mumtaz
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  6. Ghulam Yasin
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  7. Romina Alina Marc
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  8. Shah Fahad
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  9. Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
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  10. Sadia Javed
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  11. Shafaqat Ali
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Contributions

Formal analysis: Sadia Javed, Sahar Mumtaz, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Aishah Alatawi, Romina Alina Marc. Funding acquisition: Shafaqat Ali, Sadia Javed, Sahar Mumtaz. Methodology: Sadia Javed, Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Romina Alina Marc, Ghulam Yasin, Sahar Mumtaz. Software: Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej, Sadia Javed, Shah Fahad, Aishah Alatawi, Sahar Mumtaz, Ghulam Yasin Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Romina Alina Marc, Javeed Lone. Supervision: Javeed Lone, Romina Alina Marc, Shafaqat Ali. Writing—original draft: Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy, Aishah Alatawi, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Rana M. Alshegaihi, Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej, Shafaqat Ali. Writing—review and editing: Shah Fahad, Aishah Alatawi, Rana M. Alshegaihi, Ghulam Yasin, Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shah Fahad.

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Alatawi, A., Mfarrej, M.F.B., Alshegaihi, R.M. et al. Application of silicon and sodium hydrosulfide alleviates arsenic toxicity by regulating the physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Zea mays. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 76555–76574 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27739-y

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