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Different levels of arsenic exposure through cooked rice and its associated benefit-risk assessment from rural and urban populations of West Bengal, India: a probabilistic approach with sensitivity analysis

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Abstract

Rice arsenic (As) contamination and its consumption poses a significant health threat to humans. The present study focuses on the contribution of arsenic, micronutrients, and associated benefit-risk assessment through cooked rice from rural (exposed and control) and urban (apparently control) populations. The mean decreased percentages of As from uncooked to cooked rice for exposed (Gaighata), apparently control (Kolkata), and control (Pingla) areas are 73.8, 78.5, and 61.3%, respectively. The margin of exposure through cooked rice (MoEcooked rice) < 1 signifies the existence of health risk for all the studied exposed and control age groups. The respective contributions of iAs (inorganic arsenic) in uncooked and cooked rice are nearly 96.6, 94.7, and 100% and 92.2, 90.2, and 94.2% from exposed, apparently control, and control areas. LCR analysis for the exposed, apparently control, and control populations (adult male: 2.1 × 10–3, 2.8 × 10–4, 4.7 × 10–4; adult female: 1.9 × 10–3, 2.1 × 10–4, 4.4 × 10–4; and children: 5.8 × 10–4, 4.9 × 10–5, 1.1 × 10–4) through cooked rice is higher than the recommended value, i.e., 1 × 10–6, respectively, whereas HQ > 1 has been observed for all age groups from the exposed area and adult male group from the control area. Adults and children from rural area showed that ingestion rate (IR) and concentration are the respective influencing factors towards cooked rice As, whereas IR is solely responsible for all age groups from urban area. A vital suggestion is to reduce the IR of cooked rice for control population to avoid the As-induced health risks. The average intake (μg/day) of micronutrients is in the order of Zn > Se for all the studied populations and Se intake is lower for the exposed population (53.9) compared to the apparently control (140) and control (208) populations. Benefit-risk assessment supported that the Se-rich values in cooked rice are effective in avoiding the toxic effect and potential risk from the associated metal (As).

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and it can be shared as per the requirement.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the families from the studied areas for providing samples and related information to carry forward the study. The contribution from the field supervisor Mr. Pijush Sarkar from As-exposed areas and Ms. Upasona Kanji, Quality Analyst Perkin Elmer (Calcutta University), for her help regarding ICP-OES analysis is further acknowledged. The authors further acknowledge the Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, for the As speciation study (extraction and instrumentation).

Funding

“Department of Science & Technology,” Government of West Bengal (Research Project Grant Memo No. 262 (Sanc.)/ST/P/S&T/1G-64/2017, dated 25/3/2018) and Inter University Research Project, RUSA (R-11/1092/19, dated 06/08/2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India

    Madhurima Joardar, Payal Mukherjee, Antara Das, Deepanjan Mridha, Ayan De, Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury, Sharmistha Majumder, Swetanjana Ghosh & Tarit Roychowdhury

  2. National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India

    Jagyashila Das

  3. School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia

    Md Rushna Alam

  4. Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia

    Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman

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Contributions

This is to certify that all the descriptions related to this paper entitled “Different levels of arsenic exposure through cooked rice and its associated benefit-risk assessment from rural and urban populations of West Bengal, India: a probabilistic approach with sensitivity analysis,” by Joardar et al. are accurate. The authors agreed to publish this work in this well-renowned Springer journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research worldwide and no part of this manuscript is either published earlier, or under consideration anywhere.

The contributions of all the authors are listed below:

Madhurima Joardar: research planning, literature survey, analytical methodologies, instrumental analysis; statistical presentation, draft preparation.

Payal Mukherjee: literature survey; field sampling from apparently control area; analytical methodologies.

Antara Das: instrumental analysis; field sampling from apparently control area; revision of the draft.

Deepanjan Mridha: research planning; revision of the draft.

Ayan De: field sampling from control area; instrumental analysis.

Nilanjana Roy Chowdhury: instrumental analysis; revision of the draft.

Sharmistha Majumder: revision of the draft.

Swetanjana Ghosh: revision of the draft.

Jagyashila Das: statistical evaluation.

Md. Rushna Alam: arsenic speciation study.

Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman: supervision in arsenic speciation study.

Tarit Roychowdhury: overall supervision of the entire research planning and study.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tarit Roychowdhury.

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Highlights

• Cooked rice from exposed, apparently control, and control areas showed 92.2, 90.2, and 94.2% of iAs.

• LCR and HQ through cooked rice are higher than recommended values in the exposed population.

• Cooked rice categorized under risk classes 4 (exposed) and 3 (apparently control and control).

• Ingestion rate and concentration noted as influencing factors in sensitivity analysis.

• Benefit-risk assessment of Se in cooked rice plays a vital role against As toxicity.

Supplementary Information

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Joardar, M., Mukherjee, P., Das, A. et al. Different levels of arsenic exposure through cooked rice and its associated benefit-risk assessment from rural and urban populations of West Bengal, India: a probabilistic approach with sensitivity analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 70950–70973 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27249-x

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