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A review on fabricating functional materials by electroplating sludge: process characteristics and outlook

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Abstract

As the end product of the electroplating industry, electroplating sludge (ES) has a huge annual output and an abundant heavy metal (HM). The effective disposal of ES is attracting increasing attention. Currently, the widely used ES disposal methods (e.g. landfill and incineration) make it difficult to effectively control of HMs and synchronously utilise metal resources, leading to a waste of metal resources, HMs migration, and potential harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, techniques to limit HMs release into the environment and promote the efficient utilisation of metal resources contained within ES are of great interest. Based on these requirements, material reuse is a great potential means of ES management. This review presents an overview of the process flows, principles and feasibilities of the methods employed for the material reuse of ES. Several approaches have been investigated to date, including (1) additions in building materials, (2) application in pigment production, and (3) production of special functional materials. However, these three methods vary in their treatment scales, property requirements, ability to control HMs, and degree of utilisation of metal resources in ES. Currently, the safety of products and costs are not paid enough attention, and the large-scale disposal of HMs is not concordant with the effective management of HMs. Accordingly, this study proposes a holistic sustainable materialised reuse pattern of ES, which combines the scale and efficiency of sludge disposal and pays attention to the safety of products and the cost of transformation process for commercial application.

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Funding

This study is supported by the Key Research and Development Projects of Sichuan Province, China, Grant No. 2021YFN0018.

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Author notes

  1. Chenchen Cao and Jian Yu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Chenchen Cao, Xiaoxun Xu, Feng Li, Zhanbiao Yang, Guiyin Wang, Shirong Zhang, Zhang Cheng, Junren Xian & Yuanxiang Yang

  2. School of Geography and Tourism, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241003, China

    Jian Yu

  3. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Protection of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Xiaoxun Xu, Zhanbiao Yang, Guiyin Wang & Shirong Zhang

  4. College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Ting Li & Yulin Pu

  5. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China

    Zhien Pu

Authors
  1. Chenchen Cao
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  2. Jian Yu
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Contributions

Chenchen Cao: data curation; investigation; writing-original draft. Jian Yu: data curation; investigation; writing—original draft. Xiaoxun Xu: funding acquisition; supervision; writing—review and editing. Feng Li: validation; writing—review and editing. Zhanbiao Yang: software; writing—review and editing. Guiyin Wang: resources; writing—review and editing. Shirong Zhang: project administration; writing—review and editing. Zhang Cheng: visualisation; writing—review and editing. Ting Li: resources; writing—review and editing. Yulin Pu: validation; writing—review and editing. Junren Xian: software; writing—review and editing. Yuanxiang Yang: resources; writing—review and editing. Zhien Pu: validation; writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaoxun Xu.

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Cao, C., Yu, J., Xu, X. et al. A review on fabricating functional materials by electroplating sludge: process characteristics and outlook. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 64827–64844 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26934-1

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