Abstract
Organotin-based (OTs: TBT and TPT) antifouling paints have been banned worldwide, but recent inputs have been detected in tropical coastal areas. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating the toxicity of both legacy and their substitute antifouling booster biocides (e.g., Irgarol and diuron) on neotropical species. Therefore, the acute toxicity of four antifouling biocides (TBT, TPT, Irgarol, and diuron) was investigated using the marine planktonic organisms Acartia tonsa and Mysidopsis juniae, the estuarine tanaid Monokalliapseudes schubarti (water exposure), and the burrowing amphipod Tiburonella viscana (spiked sediment exposure). Results confirmed the high toxicity of the OTs, especially to planktonic species, being about two orders of magnitude higher than Irgarol and diuron. Toxic effects of antifouling compounds were observed at levels currently found in tropical coastal zones, representing a threat to planktonic and benthic invertebrates. Furthermore, deterministic PNECmarine sediment values suggest that environmental hazards in tropical regions may be higher due to the higher sensitivity of tropical organisms. Since regulations on antifouling biocides are still restricted to a few countries, more ecotoxicological studies are needed to derivate environmental quality standards based on realistic scenarios. The present study brings essential contributions regarding the ecological risks of these substances in tropical and subtropical zones.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author.
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Funding
The present study was sponsored by FINEP – Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Proc. No 1111/13 – 01.14.0141.00), and CNPq—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil (Grant No. 456372/2013–0). F.C. Perina was a graduate fellow (Grant No. 134170/2007–5) and G. Fillmann (PQ No 312341/2013–0 and 314202/2018–8), D. Abessa (PQ No 311609/2014–7 and 308533/2018–6), I. B. Castro (Pq No 302713/2018–2) and G. Pinho (PQ No 304495/2019–0) are research fellows of CNPq. We acknowledge financial support to CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020) through national funds. Finally, we thank the resources provided by CAPES—Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior of Brazil (CAPES) to support the Graduate Program in Oceanology (PPGO) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) and the Post-Doc grant of F.C. Perina (Grant No. 88887.124100/2016–00). The authors are thankful to LACOM - Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (FURG) for the LC-ESI-MS/ MS analyses.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by F.C. Perina and I.B. Castro; data collection and analysis were performed by F.C. Perina and D.M.S. Abessa. G. Fillmann and G.L.L. Pinho contributed to the funding acquisition. The first draft of the manuscript was written by F.C. Perina, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Perina, F.C., Abessa, D.M., Pinho, G.L.L. et al. Toxicity of antifouling biocides on planktonic and benthic neotropical species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 61888–61903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26368-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26368-9