Abstract
In this study, the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) with the existence of tween-80 (TW-80) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) was investigated. Over 87.6% TCE (with 1.3 g L−1 TW-80 presence) was degraded by 0.9 mM PMS and 0.12 g L−1 nZVI, while 89.7% TCE (with 2.3 g L−1 SDS presence) was degraded by 1.2 mM PMS and 0.20 g L−1 nZVI, in which more than 71.9% TCE with TW-80 existence and 87.5% TCE with SDS existence were dechlorinated. Besides, the effects of some factors (i.e., PMS and nZVI dosages, initial solution pH, and inorganic anions) on TCE removal were evaluated. The degradation of TCE was restrained continuously with increasing surfactant concentration, and TW-80 was more easily decomposed than SDS in PMS/nZVI system. Furthermore, sulfate radical (SO4–•) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) were demonstrated the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributing to TCE degradation and SO4–• played a dominant role through EPR tests and ROS scavenging experiments. Finally, the results of TCE degradation in actual groundwater confirmed that PMS/nZVI process has great advantages and potential in remediation of actual TCE-contaminated groundwater with TW-80 or SDS existence.
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Funding
The study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC1802500) and “One Belt and One Road” International Academic Cooperation and Exchange Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (No. 19230742200).
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Peng Wang: conceptualization, methodology, software, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft. Zhiqiang Xu: formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing. Guilu Zeng: formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition. Shuguang Lyu: validation, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.
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Highlights
•nZVI is an efficient and long-lasting activator of PMS on TCE removal.
•Surfactants can be decomposed by consuming ROS and TCE removal is affected by surfactants.
•SO4−• was the primary ROS in PMS/nZVI system in the presence of TW-80 or SDS.
•Significant TCE degradation in actual groundwater containing TW-80 or SDS was demonstrated.
Supplementary information
Supplementary materials 1:
Table S1. Features of some surfactants commonly used in groundwater remediation. Table S2. The main characteristics of the actual groundwater. Fig. S1. The decomposition of PMS and TCE removal in PMS/nZVI system with the presence of (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L−1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L−1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S2. The concentration of total Fe and Fe(II) in PMS/nZVI system with the presence of (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L−1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L−1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S3. Effect of Cl– on TCE removal in PMS/nZVI system with (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S4. Effect of NO3– on TCE removal in PMS/nZVI system with (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S5. Effect of PO43– on TCE removal in PMS/nZVI system with (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S6. Effect of CO32– on TCE removal in PMS/nZVI system with (a) TW-80 ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM) and (b) SDS ([PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L-1, [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM). Fig. S7. The changes of TW-80 and SDS concentrations in PMS/nZVI system. ([PMS]0 = 0.9 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.12 g L-1, [TW-80]0 = 1.3 g L-1 [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM; [PMS]0 = 1.2 mM, [nZVI]0 = 0.20 g L-1, [SDS]0 = 2.3 g L-1 [TCE]0 = 0.15 mM).
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Wang, P., Xu, Z., Zeng, G. et al. Efficient degradation of trichloroethene with the existence of surfactants by peroxymonosulfate activated by nano-zero-valent iron: performance and mechanism investigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 48351–48362 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25725-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25725-y