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The effects of pollution by multiple metals derived from long-term smelting activities on soil mite communities in arable soils under different land use types in East China

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Abstract

Soil pollution represents a threat to soil biodiversity and to soil and human health. However, many ecotoxicological issues, such as the impact of heavy metal pollution on the soil mite community and its spatial distribution in areas with complex environmental factors, are not fully understood. Here, an investigation was conducted in an arable area (about 11 km2) enclosed by surrounding mountains. The study area was contaminated with potentially toxic metals derived from copper smelting that was functioning for over 10 years. The area comprised four land use types: woodlands, dry fields, paddy fields, and wastelands, and was divided into 141 study sites each with an area of 6.25 ha. The soil metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) contents, pH, and organic matter were determined and their distributions were established. Furthermore, soil mite (Acari) community properties (species richness, individual abundance, and Shannon–Wiener diversity index) were determined, and the distributions of total species number and abundance were ascertained. Soil metal pollution strongly reduced soil mite community, but the effects depended on mite groups or species and their sensitivity to different metals as well as land use types. CANOCO analysis revealed that the order Oribatida was more highly correlated with soil metal contents, whereas the other three orders responded to soil metal contents depending on land use types, mite properties, or metals. SADIE method indicated that the coordinate relationship between mite species number and metal concentration was more negative (4–25% of the study sites) than positive (4–12%). The metal pollution levels in the soil were evaluated by single and integrated pollution and ecological risk indices.

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Data availability

This manuscript consists of 41 pages in text, nine tables, eight figures, and five supplementary materials (Online Resource 1, Online Resource 2, Online Resource 3, Online Resource 4, and Online Resource 5), which were submitted through the submission system. The raw data of two files in “.CSV” format (Data S1, and Data S2) are provided as private-for-peer review via the following link: https://figshare.com/s/873bbc94e4b841bd68c8, where the data will be permanently archived if the paper is accepted for publication.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the faculties, PhD and master students, and their colleagues and friends who contributed to the sampling activities and assisted in the investigation. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their comments which have enabled us to improve the manuscript. We thank International Science Editing and Dr. David Cushley (http://www.internationalscienceediting.com) for improving our use of English and editing the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 41977136), the National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2018FY100300), and Key Project of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (No. 19DZ1204105).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Natural History Museum, the branch of the Shanghai Science & Technology Museum, Shanghai, 200127, China

    Manping Liu

  2. CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Zhu Li, Simin Li, Fang Liang, Siyao Liu, Limin Pu, Peter Christie, Jing Song, Yongming Luo & Longhua Wu

  3. Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Chengwang Huang, Hui Pan, Jie Wu & Xin Ke

  4. Department of Ecoscience, Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Paul Henning Krogh

Authors
  1. Manping Liu
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  2. Zhu Li
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  3. Simin Li
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  4. Fang Liang
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  5. Chengwang Huang
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  6. Hui Pan
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  7. Jie Wu
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  8. Siyao Liu
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  9. Limin Pu
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  10. Peter Christie
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  11. Jing Song
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  12. Paul Henning Krogh
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  13. Xin Ke
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  14. Yongming Luo
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  15. Longhua Wu
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Manping Liu, Zhu Li, Simin Li, Fang Liang, Chengwang Huang, Hui Pan, Jie Wu, Siyao Liu, Limin Pu, Peter Christie, Jing Song, Paul Henning Krogh, Xin Ke, Yongming Luo, and Longhua Wu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Manping Liu and Xin Ke, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Longhua Wu.

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The corresponding author and the order of authors are all correct in the manuscript. The corresponding author (Dr. Longhua Wu) of the manuscript is not the same (Dr. Xin Ke) author that is responsible for the submission process. The requirement of managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors during submission and proofing are delegated to the submitting author (Dr. Xin Ke). The corresponding author (Dr. Longhua Wu) is clearly indicated in the manuscript.

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All authors are aware of and accept responsibility for the manuscript. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Manping Liu, Zhu Li, Simin Li, Fang Liang, Chengwang Huang, Hui Pan, Jie Wu, Siyao Liu, Limin Pu, Peter Christie, Jing Song, Paul Henning Krogh, Xin Ke, Yongming Luo, and Longhua Wu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Manping Liu and Xin Ke, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek

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Manping Liu and Zhu Li contributed equally to the study .

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Liu, M., Li, Z., Li, S. et al. The effects of pollution by multiple metals derived from long-term smelting activities on soil mite communities in arable soils under different land use types in East China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 47182–47208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25341-w

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