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Degradation of odorous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in chlorinated water by UV-LED/chlorination: kinetics and influence factors

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Abstract

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) has aroused a special concern for their odor problem and potential threats. In this study, the degradation of 2,4,6-TCA by UV/chlorination with different UV sources was compared, including low-pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254 nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 285 nm). The maximum removal of 2,4,6-TCA can be achieved by 275-nm UV-LED/chlorination in neutral and alkaline conditions which was 80.0%. The reaction, kinetics, and water matrix parameters on 2,4,6-TCA degradation were also evaluated. During UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination, 2,4,6-TCA degradation was mainly caused by direct UV photolysis and indirect hydroxyl radical (HO·) oxidation, while reactive chlorine radicals (RCSs) had a negligible contribution. The second-order rate constant between HO· and 2,4,6-TCA was determined as 3.1 × 109 M−1 s−1. Increasing initial chlorine dosage and decreasing 2,4,6-TCA concentration or pH value significantly promoted 2,4,6-TCA degradation during UV/chlorination process. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) can inhibit 2,4,6-TCA degradation, while chloride ion (Cl−) had a negligible effect. The kinetic model for 2,4,6-TCA degradation was established and validated, and the degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified intermediates. Furthermore, UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination also exhibited a promising effect on 2,4,6-TCA removal in real water, which can be used to control 2,4,6-TCA pollution and odor problems.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51978483 and 52070144), National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2021YFC3201303), and Shanghai Rising-Star Program (No. 22QC1400500).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China

    Yun-Lu Zhang, Tian-Yang Zhang, Yong-Shan Lu, Xiao-Yang Zhou, Zhi Liu, Zheng-Xiong Zheng, Meng-Yuan Xu & Bin Xu

  2. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China

    Yun-Lu Zhang, Tian-Yang Zhang, Yong-Shan Lu, Xiao-Yang Zhou, Zhi Liu, Zheng-Xiong Zheng, Meng-Yuan Xu & Bin Xu

  3. Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 824, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Yi-Li Lin

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  1. Yun-Lu Zhang
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Contributions

Yun-Lu Zhang: investigation, data curation, visualization, software, and writing original draft; Yi-Li Lin: supervision, writing, and reviewing; Tian-Yang Zhang: supervision, methodology, formal analysis, and funding acquisition; Yong-Shan Lu: investigation and resources; Xiao-Yang Zhou: visualization; Zhi Liu: writing and reviewing; Zheng-Xiong Zheng: software and validation; Meng-Yuan Xu: writing and reviewing; Bin Xu: writing, reviewing, and funding acquisition. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Zhang, YL., Lin, YL., Zhang, TY. et al. Degradation of odorous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in chlorinated water by UV-LED/chlorination: kinetics and influence factors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 44325–44336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25337-6

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