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Determination of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) along with probabilistic health risk assessment in fruit juice samples in Tehran, Iran

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Abstract

In the present study, magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique were used to measure 6 PAE in fruit juice samples. The mean of total phthalic acid esters (ƩPAEs) in all samples was 3.55 ± 0.66 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in samples was 0.82 ± 0.31 µg/L, which was lower than the mentioned United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The pineapple juice samples (4.44 ± 0.57 µg/L) and mango juice samples (2.77 ± 0. 1 µg/L) had maximum and minimum mean levels of ƩPAEs, respectively. Also, results showed that brand B (3.76 ± 0.87 µg/L) and samples in the time of expiration date (3.64 ± 0.72 µg/L) had the highest PAE levels. The rank order Chronic Daily Intake (95%) values for adults were DEHP (\(5.26E-04\)) > butylbenzyl phthalates (BBP) (\(4.73E-04\)) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) (\(3.77E-04\)) and for children were DEHP (\(9.93E-04\)) > BBP (9.07E-04) > DEP (\(7.01E-04\)), which were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value. The noncancer risk of PAEs based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) was acceptable (< 1). The results exhibited that the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) was below the permissible limit (< \(1E-04\)). Therefore, the risk of carcinogenicity and noncarcinogenicity of PAEs in juices does not have adverse effects on human health.

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Data availability

From the corresponding author, the datasets used and/or analyzed during the present research are existing (on reasonable request).

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Funding

This research has been supported by the Amol University of Special Modern Technologies and Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Pegah Kargarghomsheh

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahsa Naghashan

  3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Ahvaz, Iran

    Soraya Farhadiyan

  4. Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Arabameri

  5. Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran

    Fahimeh Tooryan

  6. Preventive Veterinary Medicine Graduate Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Fahimeh Tooryan

  7. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nabi Shariatifar

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  1. Pegah Kargarghomsheh
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  2. Mahsa Naghashan
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  3. Soraya Farhadiyan
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Contributions

Fahimeh Tooryan and Nabi Shariatifar: conceptualization, supervision, design of study, and writing—reviewing and editing. Pegah Kargarghomsheh: writing—original draft, design of study, methodology, and writing—reviewing and editing. Mahsa Naghashan and Soraya Farhadiyan: visualization, investigation, methodology, software, and validation. Majid Arabameri: methodology, software, validation, data curation, and writing—original draft preparation.

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Correspondence to Fahimeh Tooryan.

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Kargarghomsheh, P., Naghashan, M., Farhadiyan, S. et al. Determination of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) along with probabilistic health risk assessment in fruit juice samples in Tehran, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 44833–44844 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25313-0

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