Abstract
Due to the rapid economic development and urban construction and the high exploitation rate of groundwater and geothermal resource, Jimo district existed a potential threat of surface deformation. To clarify the characteristics and causations of surface deformation, this study firstly used SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology to analyze the surface defor-mation distribution in the whole research area. Then, three areas with different surface cover conditions were selected to analyze the causations of surface deformation. Lastly, taking central urban area as the key research area, surface deformation causations were analyzed in detail based on PS-InSAR (Persistent Scatter-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology. The study found that, in coastal mollisol area, farmland area, and hot spring area, the maximum subsidence velocity reached up to 46.8 mm/a, 24 mm/a, and 19.1 mm/a, respectively. The factors, including surface loading, precipitation, and the groundwater level, were the causations of surface deformation in different research areas. The trend of the surface deformation curve was consistent with that of the groundwater level curve in the central urban area, but the response time of surface deformation lagged behind the change of groundwater level by approximately 4 months.
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Data availability
The original data in this study included GF-1 remote sensing image data, Landsat-8 remote sensing image data and Sentinel-1 remote sensing image data, which are shared free of charge online.
Abbreviations
- D-InSAR:
-
Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
- IW:
-
Interferometric Wides-wath
- PS:
-
Persistent Scatterer
- PS-InSAR:
-
Persistent Scatter -Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
- SAR:
-
Synthetic Aperture Radar
- SLC:
-
Single Look Complex
- SBAS-InSAR:
-
Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
- TS-InSAR:
-
Time-series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
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Acknowledgements
Thanks for the shared data provided by the “European Space Agency,” “National Aeronautics and Space Administrationand,” and “Chinese Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application.” Thanks to editors and reviewers.
Funding
This research was funded by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars—“Construction and application of remote sensing ecological index model of Tamarix shrubbery forest(grant number 42107496),” the Introduction and Cultivation Plan for Young Innovative Talents of Colleges and Universities by the Education Department of Shandong Province, the project of “One Project One Discussion” on introducing top talents in Shandong Province—“Research and development of key technologies and high-end equipment of water environment health in the Yellow River Basin (Shandong)” and the Research Project of Academician Innovation Platform of Hainan Province, China- “Ecological environment monitoring, protection and restoration of tropical marine islands based on intelligent robot (grant number YSPTZX202149).”
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J. W. was a major contributor in methodology, validation, writing, original draft preparation, writing review and editing. P. H. performed the formal analysis. Z. L. performed the investigation. G.L., B.L., and F.C. provided the fund support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
• Overall, Jimo district displayed a trend of surface uplift in the southwest, with a maximum uplift rate of 23.5 mm/a, and surface subsidence in the northeast, with a maximum subsidence rate of 46.8 mm/a.
• The most obvious subsidence occurred along the southern bank of Dingzi Bay and near where the Wulong River enters the Huanghai sea. This region is characterized by thick and loose Quaternary sediment. It was speculated that the causes of surface subsidence in this region are consolidation and compaction, which are influenced by the load from buildings and the self-weight from the mollisol foundation.
• The region in the suburbs of Jimo district, is mainly covered by farmland with a disperse distribution of rural dwellings. The results suggested that the excessive exploitation of groundwater for farmland irrigation is one of main factors promoting surface deformation in this region.
• The region located near the hot spring park in the southeastern part of Jimo district, is characterized by developed hot spring tourism and abundant geothermal resources. It was concluded that surface deformation in this region is related to the exploitation of hot spring geothermal resources, precipitation, and the building load.
• The trend of the surface deformation curve was consistent with that of the groundwater level curve in the central urban area. But the response time of surface deformation lagged behind the change of the groundwater level by approximately 4 months.
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Wang, J., Liang, Z., Han, P. et al. Analysis of the characteristics and causations of surface deformation based on TS-InSAR: a case study of Jimo district, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 40049–40061 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25099-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25099-7