Abstract
The combined effect of polyethylene (PE) microplastics and chromium (Cr(III)) on the scleractinian coral Acropora pruinosa (A. pruinosa) was investigated. The endpoints analysed in this study included the endosymbiont density, the chlorophyll a + c content, and the activity of enzymes involved in apoptosis (caspase-1, caspase-3), glycolysis (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH) and electron transfer coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+/NADH). During the 7-day exposure to PE and Cr(III) stress, the endosymbiont density and chlorophyll content decreased gradually. The caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities increased in the high-concentration Cr(III) exposure group. Furthermore, the LDH and G6PDH activities decreased significantly, and the NAD+/NADH was decreased significantly. In summary, the results showed that PE and Cr(III) stress inhibited the endosymbiont energy metabolism enzymes and further led to endosymbiont apoptosis in coral. In addition, under exposure to the combination of stressors, when the concentration of Cr(III) remained at 1 × 10–2 mg/L, the toxic effects of heavy metals on the endosymbiont were temporarily relieved with elevated PE concentrations. In contrast, when coral polyps were exposed to 5 mg/L PE and increasing Cr(III) concentrations, their metabolic activities were seriously disturbed, which increased the burden of energy consumption. In the short term, the toxic effect of Cr(III) was more obvious than that of PE because Cr(III) exposure leads to endosymbiont apoptosis and irreversible damage. This is the first study to provide insights into the combined effect of microplastic and Cr(III) stress on the apoptosis and energy pathways of coral endosymbionts. This study suggested that microplastics combined with Cr(III) are an important factor affecting the apoptosis and energy metabolism of endosymbionts, accelerating the collapse of the balance between the coral host and symbiotic endosymbiont.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors were grateful to all of the laboratory members for their continuous technical advice and helpful discussions. The study was funded by Shenzhen Science and Technology R&D Fund (Project number: JCYJ20200109144803833, KCXFZ202002011011057, JCYJ20210324122606017, KCXFZ202202011011033, GJHZ20210705142000003), Guangdong Key Area R & D Program Project (Project number: 2020B1111030002), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Project number: 2022B1515020091), and Special Funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng, New District (Project number: KJYF202001-06).
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Baohua Xiao: conceptualization and funding acquisition
Dongdong Li: conceptualization, writing-original draft, and writing—review & editing
Chengyong Li: supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition
Baolin Liao: investigation and formal analysis
Huina Zheng: data curation
Xiaodong Yang: methodology
Yongqi Xie: software, supervision and validation
Ziqiang Xie: investigation and formal analysis
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Xiao, B., Li, D., Liao, B. et al. Effects of microplastic combined with Cr(III) on apoptosis and energy pathway of coral endosymbiont. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 39750–39763 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25041-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25041-x