Abstract
The Brazilian Amazon is heavily impacted by mining activities, especially by gold and cassiterite mining. Pb is a contaminant released during cassiterite extraction, and it stands out for its high toxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of flood pulse on Pb dynamics in four fish species with different feeding habits (Cichlapleiozona: carnivorous, Mylossomaduriventre: herbivorous, Prochilodus nigricans: detritivorous, and Serrasalmus rhombeus: piscivorous) over four hydrological periods in Puruzinho Lake (Brazilian Amazon), which receives water from the Madeira River. The risk assessment for daily Pb intake through the consumption of these fish by the local riverside population was also carried out. Fish species were sampled during four Amazonian hydrological periods: rising water, high water, falling water, and low water. Pb and stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) measurements were carried out on fish muscle. The flood pulse had the same effect on Pb concentrations of all the fish species regardless of their feeding habits, as we found a nonsignificant interaction between these variables. The Pb in fish muscle increased in the flood season (rising and high water) and decreased in the dry season (falling and low water). The Pb concentration in fish increased significantly with their trophic level (δ15N), evidencing the occurrence of biomagnification of the element along the trophic chain (R2 = 0.24). The main food source of the herbivorous fish (δ13C) was very distinct from that of the others, which had a large overlap in their values. Regarding risk assessment, the daily Pb intake through consumption of the herbivorous species during high water (17.82 ± 19.68 µg∙day−1) exceeded the limit determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 12.5 µg∙day−1, representing a health risk to the riverside population of Puruzinho Lake.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, I.A. Pestana, upon reasonable request.
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This work was supported by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) through the CNPq/CTUniversal project (Grant no. 458977 2014–4). Inácio A. Pestana received support from Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; grant numbers E-26/200.586/2022and E-26/210.350/2022).
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Sophia Menezes de Azevedo: writing (original draft and review and editing); Luiza Silva do Nascimento: writing (review and editing); Layra de Oliveira Silva: writing (review and editing); Marcelo Gomes de Almeida: validation and methodology; Lucas Silva Azevedo: writing (review and editing); Wendel Dias Constantino: writing (review and editing); Wanderley Rodrigues Bastos: resources and funding acquisition; Inácio Abreu Pestana: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, and writing (review and editing).
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de Azevedo, S.M., do Nascimento, L.S., de Oliveira Silva, L. et al. Flood pulse as a driving force of Pb variation in four fish guilds from Puruzinho Lake (western Amazon). Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 38728–38737 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25015-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25015-z