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Geochemistry and release risk for nutrients in lake sediments based on diffusive gradients in thin films

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Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the mobility of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and the inter-relationships between P, N, and iron (Fe) in sediments is important for controlling the “internal loadings” of nutrients in lakes. In this research, diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) assemblies with binding layers (ZrO-AT, chelex, and ZrO) were designed for PO4-P, Fe, ammonium (NH4-N), and nitrate (NO3-N) at sediment/water interface (SWI) in Western Lake Taihu (China). The biogeochemical processes of N and P related to the physicochemical properties, the dynamic P transfer, the distribution characteristics of P microniches, and the estimation of the release risks in sediments in Western Lake Taihu were simultaneously revealed by the passive sampling technique-DGT with the high spatial resolutions (millimeter and sub-millimeter). Based on DGT concentration (CDGT) related to physicochemical properties in sediments, (1) P biogeochemical reactions included P release from Fe-bound P during Fe reduction, algae biomass decomposition, and phosphatase enzyme activity increased by NH4-N; (2) denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) led to exchangeable ammonium (NH4ex) enrichment and NH4-N release; anammox depleted NH4-N transfer; organic matter (OM) mineralization favored NH4-N release; and (3) aerobic nitrification led to NO3-N remobilization; denitrification and DNRA reduced NO3-N release. Redox status, OM, Fe, aluminum, or calcium influenced mobilization of nutrients. The numerical model of DGT-induced fluxes in sediments was used for dynamic P transfers with resupply types (“slow” ~ “fast”) controlled by labile P pool, resupply constant, response time, and Dspt rate. The formation of P microniches in two dimensions was revealed. Sediment P release risk index (0.49 ~ 36.85 [lg (nmol cm−3 d−1)]) with “light” ~ “high” risks and diffusive fluxes across SWI (µg m−2 d−1) of 15.0 ~ 639 (PO4-P), − 1403 ~ 5010 (NH4-N), and − 1395 ~ 149 (NO3-N) were derived and lake management strategies were provided. The DGT technique provides the characterization of the mobilization of nutrients and evidence for biogeochemical processes at the fine spatial scales for control of internal loadings in sediments.

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All data generated or analyzed in this investigation are included in this paper (and its supplementary information files). The supplementary information (SI) includes three figures, sixteen tables, and information (SI).

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Acknowledgements

This investigation was conducted in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) (Beijing, China). EasySensor Ltd. (Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China) performed DGT analysis. The authors would like to appreciate all the support received from the abovementioned institutions.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42177219) and Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, China (No.2017ZX07206).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China

    Zhihao Wu, Xia Jiang, Junyi Chen & Shuhang Wang

  2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Institute of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China

    Zhihao Wu, Xia Jiang, Junyi Chen, Shuhang Wang & Cheng Yao

  3. College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Cheng Yao

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Zhihao Wu: conceptualization, methodology, experiment and investigation, formal analysis, data curation, funding acquisition, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing; Xia Jiang: funding acquisition, supervision, project administration, writing-review and editing; Junyi Chen: experiment and investigation; Shuhang Wang: supervision, project administration, investigation, writing-review and editing; Cheng Yao: investigation, writing-review and editing.

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Wu, Z., Jiang, X., Chen, J. et al. Geochemistry and release risk for nutrients in lake sediments based on diffusive gradients in thin films. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 40588–40607 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24961-y

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