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Surfactant-mediated mobility of carbon dots in saturated soil: comparison between anionic and cationic surfactants

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Abstract

Understanding the mobility, retention, and fate of carbon dots (CDs) is critical for the risk management of this emerging carbon material. However, the influences of surfactants on CDs’ transport through subsurface media are still poorly understood. Herein, column experiments were conducted to explore the different influences of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the CDs’ transport in water-saturated soil. In the Na+ background electrolyte, both surfactants facilitated the transport of CDs at pH 7.0. The trend stemmed from steric hindrance, a decline in the straining effect, and competitive deposition between CDs and surfactant molecules. Additionally, SDBS increased the electrostatic repulsion of CDs and soil. Interestingly, in the divalent cation background electrolytes (i.e., Ca2+ or Cu2+), SDBS suppressed CDs’ mobility, whereas CTAB had the opposite effect. The transport-inhibited effect of SDBS was mainly due to anionic surfactant ion (DBS−) precipitation with metal cations and the formation of adsorbed SDBS-Cu2+/Ca2+-CDs complexes. The enhanced effect of CTAB resulted from the CTAB coating on soil grains, which suppressed the cation bridging between CDs and soil. Furthermore, the magnitude of the SDBS promotion effect was pH-dependent. Surprisingly, CTAB could inhibit CDs’ mobility at pH 9.0, owing to the binding cationic surfactant’s strong hydrophobicity effect on the soil surface. Moreover, the experimental breakthrough curves of CDs were well described using a two-site transport model. Overall, the observations obtained from this study shed light on the relative mobility of CDs with different surfactants in typical groundwater conditions.

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The authors declare that all relevant data supporting the findings of this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the NSFC-Shandong United Fund, the National Key Research and Development Program, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

Funding

This project was supported by the NSFC-Shandong United Fund (U1906222), the National Key Research and Development Program (2019YFC1804104), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226–2022-00084), the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education (EREH202212), the Project Management of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Henan Kaifeng College of Science Technology and Communication Students (KCCXSYLX-2022–080).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China

    Taotao Lu & Zhichong Qi

  2. Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Jiuyan Chen & Zhichong Qi

  3. Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China

    Jiuyan Chen, Mengli Zhang & Zhichong Qi

  4. Ecology Institute of the Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China

    Qiang Zhang

  5. The Testing Center of Shandong Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan, 250014, China

    Yanxiang Li

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Zhichong Qi designed all experiments. Taotao Lu and Jiuyan Chen performed the experiments. Qiang Zhang performed the integrated data analysis. Mengli Zhang and YanXiang Li performed the chemical analysis. Zhichong Qi interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Lu, T., Chen, J., Zhang, Q. et al. Surfactant-mediated mobility of carbon dots in saturated soil: comparison between anionic and cationic surfactants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 37622–37633 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24878-6

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