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The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the induction of cancer: a systematic review of insight into their mechanisms

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Abstract

Environmental pollution caused by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has increased the challenge for the scientific communities. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), classified as POPs, are widely applied in various materials as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Because of the nature of these chemical compounds including toxicity, stability, and capability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, PBDEs have posed a great challenge and risk to human health and wildlife. Therefore, the side effects of exposure to PBDEs as ubiquitous pollutants in the environment on cancer progression were investigated using a systematic review (SR) survey. To achieve this goal, forty studies were considered after defining the search terms and inclusion criteria, and/or exclusion criteria; the eligible records were collected from the international bibliographic databases. Based on the findings of the reviewed records, environmental exposure to the BFRs including PBDEs has a positive association with different mechanisms that induce cancer progression. However, the findings of the reviewed studies were not totally consistent with the mode of action and side effects are yet to be fully elucidated. Several articles have reported that BFRs can be carcinogenic and induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition via different mechanisms. The main mode of action involved in the environmental exposure to BFRs and the risk of cancer progression is endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress (OS). Generally, the imbalance of antioxidant mechanisms, reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs), during damage in cells, and stress caused OS, which increases tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms, such as DNA damage, inflammation, and angiogenesis.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors would like to thank the Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran for its support (Grant No:401H003/22).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Mahdieh Azizi

  2. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Sanaz Mami

  3. Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Zahra Noorimotlagh & Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Zahra Noorimotlagh & Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee

  5. Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

    Susana Silva Martinez

  6. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Nasrin Bazgir

  7. Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Nasrin Bazgir

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  1. Mahdieh Azizi
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  4. Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee
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Contributions

MA, SM, and NB: methodology, validation, writing—review and editing. SSM: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing. ZN: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, supervision. SAM: conceptualization, methodology, validation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, project administration.

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Correspondence to Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee.

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Azizi, M., Mami, S., Noorimotlagh, Z. et al. The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the induction of cancer: a systematic review of insight into their mechanisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 9271–9289 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24538-9

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