Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Change detection in a rural landscape: A case study of processes and main driving factors along with its response to thermal environment in Farim, Iran

  • Environmental Impacts and Consequences of Urban Sprawl
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the alteration of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change and its response to changes in land surface temperature (LST) and heat island phenomena of a rural district known as Farim in the north of Iran from 1990 to 2020 using multi-date Landsat data. The random forest-based algorithm, supported by Google Earth Engine, is used to execute the LULC classification with an overall accuracy of more than 92%. Based on the LULC results, in terms of area changes, the classes of bare land, rice fields, and water bodies encountered an increase, but woods and dry farms decreased. The present study also incorporates the trends of land cover change that are analyzed using regression based on the temporal datasets of the three leading driving factors: temperature, precipitation, and population. The result demonstrates that the main changing factors of the mostly changed class (bare land) are population/precipitation and temperature/population. Additionally, the effect of LULC change on seasonal LST and urban heat island (UHI) is also analyzed in this study. The result witnessed a significant LST rise in the summer and winter seasons of about 12.87 °C and 14.2 °C, respectively over the study period. The Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI), characterizing the heat island phenomenon, shows that the strongest UTFVI zone is in the central area and the none UTFVI zone is in the surrounding region. Moreover, both seasons have seen a significant rise in none UTFVI zones compared to decreasing strongest UTFVI zone. The result of the present study will be helpful for urban planners and climate researchers who study future land cover change and its associated driving factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available “4TU.ResearchData” at https://doi.org/10.4121/19589734.v1.

References

  • Abijith D, Saravanan S (2021) Assessment of land use and land cover change detection and prediction using remote sensing and CA Markov in the northern coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15782-6

  • Alibaygi A, Karamidehkordi E (2009) Iranian rural youths’ intention to migrate to urban areas. Asian Pac Migr J 303–314

  • Amindin A, Pouyan S, Pourghasemi H, Yousefi S, Tiefenbacher J (2021) Spatial and temporal analysis of urban heat island using Landsat satellite images. Environ Sci Pollut Res 41439–41450.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13693-0

  • Antrop M (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landsc Urban Plan 70(1–2):21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bala R, Prasad R, Yadav V (2021) Quantification of urban heat intensity with land use/land cover changes using Landsat satellite data over urban landscapes. Theoret Appl Climatol 145:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03610-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breiman, L., Friedman, J., J. Ston, C., & Olshen, R. (1984). Classification and regression trees. Taylor & Francis.https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315139470

  • Breiman L (2001) Random Forests. Machine Learning, 5–32.

  • Center for Statistics of Islamic Republic of Iran. (2013). Annual Statistics of Mazandaran. Tehran: Center for Statistics of Islamic Republic of Iran

  • Effati F, Karimi H, Yavari A (2021) Investigating effects of land use and land cover patterns on land surface temperature using landscape metrics in the city of Tehran, Iran. Arab J Geosci 14.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07433-4

  • Esfandeh S, Danehkar A, Salmanmahiny A, Sadeghi S, Marcu M (2022) Climate change risk of urban growth and land use/land cover conversion: an in-depth review of the recent research in Iran. Sustainability, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010338

  • Estoque RC, Murayama Y (2017) Monitoring surface urban heat island formation in a tropical mountain city using Landsat data (1987–2015). ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 133:18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.09.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estoque RC, Murayama Y, Myint SW (2017) Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: an urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Sci Total Environ 577:349–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falah N, Karimi A, Tavakoli Harandi A (2020) Urban growth modeling using cellular automata model and AHP (case study: Qazvin city). Model Earth Syst Environ 235–248.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00674-z

  • Foundation IRH (2009) Rural development plan. Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, Tehran

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel M (2002) Australia’s regional youth exodus. J Rural Stud 209–212.

  • Gale T (2007) Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Asia & Oceania (12th ed., Vol. 4). (T. L. Gall, & J. M. Hobby, Eds.) Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale. 978–0810398825

  • Gholipour Shayan R, Razavi N (2021) The layered life of historic urban landscape. In F. A. Fardanesh, Persian Paradises at Peril (pp. 65–83). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62550-4_4

  • Halder B, Karimi A, Mohammad P, Bandyopadhyay J, Brown RD, Yaseen ZM (2022) Investigating the relationship between land alteration and the urban heat island of Seville city using multi-temporal Landsat data. Theoret Appl Climatol 150:613–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04180-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail MH, Jin Aik DH, Alias MA, Muharam FM, Zaki PH (2021) Land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. In Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management (eds P. Kumar, R.K. Singh, M. Kumar, M. Rani and P. Sharma). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119793403.ch14

  • Kafy, Abdulla Al, Abdullah Al Faisal, Md Shahinoor Rahman, Muhaiminul Islam, Abdullah Al Rakib, Md Arshadul Islam, Md Hasib Hasan Khan, et al. (2021) "Prediction of seasonal urban thermal field variance index using machine learning algorithms in Cumilla, Bangladesh." Sustainable Cities and Society 64 (June 2020): 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102542.

  • Kamali Maskooni E, Hashemi H, Berndtsson R, Daneshkar Arasteh P, Kazemi M (2021) Impact of spatiotemporal land-use and land-cover changes on surface urban heat islands in a semiarid region using Landsat data. International Journal of Digital Earth 14(2):250–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2020.1813210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi A, Mohammad P, García-Martínez A, Moreno-Rangel D, Gachkar D, Gachkar S (2022) New developments and future challenges in reducing and controlling heat island effect in urban areas. Environ Dev Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02530-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi A, Mohammad P, Gachkar S, Gachkar D, García-Martínez A, Moreno-Rangel D, Brown DR (2021)Effect of outdoor thermal comfort condition on visit of tourists in historical urban plazas of Sevilla and Madrid. Environ Sci Pollut Res 60641–60661https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20058-8

  • Karimi A, Mohammad P, Gachkar S, Gachkar D, García-Martínez A, Moreno-Rangel D, Brown DR (2021) Surface urban heat island assessment of a cold desert city: a case study over the Isfahan Metropolitan Area of Iran. Atmosphere, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101368

  • Karimi Firozjaei M, Fathololoumi S, Kiavarz M, JokarArsanjani J, Alavipanah S (2020) Modelling surface heat island intensity according to differences of biophysical characteristics: a case study of Amol city, Iran. 109.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105816

  • Kavian A, Jafarian Z (2011) Land use/cover change and driving force analyses in parts of northern Iran using RS and GIS techniques. Arab J Geosci, 401-411.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0078-5

  • Kelarestaghi A, Ahmadi H, Jafari M (2006) Land use changes detection and spatial distribution using digital and satellite data, case study: Farim drainage basin, Northern of Iran. Desert 11(2):33–47. https://doi.org/10.22059/jdesert.2006.31873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan F, Das B, Mohammad P (2022) Urban growth modeling and prediction of land use land cover change over Nagpur City, India using cellular automata approach. In P. M. Rai, Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences (pp. 261–282). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7373-3_13

  • Li J, Conghe Song Lu, Cao FZ, Meng X, Jianguo Wu (2011) Impacts of landscape structure on surface urban heat islands: a case study of Shanghai, China. Remote Sens Environ 115(12):3249–3263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Zhang Y (2011) Urban heat island analysis using the Landsat TM data and ASTER data: a case study in Hong Kong. Remote Sensing 3(7):1535–1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3071535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Min RY (2022) Does institutional social insurance cause the abandonment of cultivated land? Evidence from rural China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031117

  • Mofrad F, Razavi N (2021) Perpetual points in a rural paradise. In F. A. Fardanesh, Persian Paradises at Peril (pp. 133–152). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62550-4_7

  • Mohammad, Pir, Ajanta Goswami (2021a) "Spatial variation of surface urban heat island magnitude along the urban-rural gradient of four rapidly growing Indian cities." Geocarto International, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2021.1886338

  • Mohammad, P., & Goswami, A. (2021b) Quantifying diurnal and seasonal variation of surface urban heat island intensity and its associated determinants across different climatic zones over Indian cities GISci Remote Sens 955–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1940739

  • Mohammad P, Goswami A (2022) Predicting the impacts of urban development on seasonal urban thermal environment in Guwahati city, northeast India. Build Environ, 226. 226.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109724

  • Mohammad, Pir, Ajanta Goswami, Sarthak Chauhan, and Shailesh Nayak (2022) "Machine learning algorithm based prediction of land use land cover and land surface temperature changes to characterize the surface urban heat island phenomena over Ahmedabad City, India." Urban Climate 42 (March 2022): 101116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101116.

  • Mohammadi Z, Ahmadvand M, Sharifzadeh M, Shahbazi I (2021) The lived-experience of land-use among Northern Iranian farmers in land risk areas: a phenomenology study. Land Use Policy, 108.

  • Movahedi R, Jawanmardi S, Azadi H, Goli I, Viira A.-H, Witlox F (2021). Why do farmers abandon agricultural lands? The case of Western Iran. Land Use Policy, 108.

  • Nikpour A, Amounia H, Nourpasandi E (2021) Monitoring and predicting land use changes using landsat satellite images by Cellular Automata and Markov model (Case study: Abbasabad area, Mazandaran province). J RS GIS Natur Res 12(2):35–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilehvar A (2021) Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00741-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pineda FD (2000) Intensification, rural abandonment, and nature conservation in Spain. In R. Bunce, M. Pérez-Soba, B. Elbersen, M.-J. Prados, E. Andersen, M. Bell, & P. Smeets, Examples of European Agri-environment schemes and livestock systems and their influences on Spanish cultural landscapes (pp. 23–33). Wageningen: Alterra, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.018.

  • Raziei T (2016) Köppen-Geiger climate classification of Iran and investigation of its changes during 20th century. Tehran: J Earth Space Phys

  • Roy, Sanjoy, Santa Pandit, Eshita Akter, Shaddam Hossain, Mossammat Papia, Laboni Banik, Timothy Dube, and Farhana Rahman. 2020. "Examining the nexus between land surface temperature and urban growth in Chattogram Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh using long term Landsat series data." Urban Climate 32 (November 2019): 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100593

  • Sarif MdO, Rimal B, Stork NE (2020) Assessment of changes in land use/land cover and land surface temperatures and their impact on surface urban heat island phenomena in the Kathmandu Valley (1988–2018). ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 9(12):726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal MR (1992) Tree-structured methods for longitudinal data. J Am Stat Assoc 87:407–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seto KC, Parnell S, Elmqvist T (2013) A global outlook on urbanization. In P. S. Seto K.C., Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 1–12). Dordrecht: Springer

  • Sobrino JA, Irakulis I (2020) A methodology for comparing the surface urban heat island in selected urban agglomerations around the world from Sentinel-3 SLSTR data. Remote Sensing 12(12):1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12122052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobrino JA, Jiménez-Muñoz JC, Paolini L (2004) Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sens Environ 90(4):434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale A (2004) Rural out-migration: community consequences and individual migrant experiences. Sociologia Ruralis, 167–194

  • Van Straten G, Henten, EJ. van. (2010). Optimal greenhouse cultivation control: survey and perspectives. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 43(26), 18–33.https://doi.org/10.3182/20101206-3-jp-3009.00004

  • Weeks JR (2016) Population: an introduction to concepts and issues, 12th edn. Cengage Learning, USA, p 9781305094505

    Google Scholar 

  • Winoto J, Schultink G (1996) Impacts of urbanization on agricultural sustainability and rural life in West Java, Indonesia. Michigan: the Office of International Studies and Programs, and the Department of Resource Development at Michigan State University

  • Ziari K, Gharakhlou M (2009) A study of Iranian New Towns during Pre†"and post revolution. Int J Environ Res 3(1):143–154. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2009.43

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Department of Landscape Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

    Bonin Mahdavi Estalkhsari & Niloofar Razavi

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Pir Mohammad

Authors
  1. Bonin Mahdavi Estalkhsari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pir Mohammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Niloofar Razavi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, software, writing—original draft preparation, data curation, investigation - Bonin Mahdavi Estalkhsari; conceptualization, methodology, software, visualization, data curation, original draft preparation, reviewing and editing - Pir Mohammad; and conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, reviewing and editing, supervisor, project administration - Niloofar Razavi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Niloofar Razavi.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mahdavi Estalkhsari, B., Mohammad, P. & Razavi, N. Change detection in a rural landscape: A case study of processes and main driving factors along with its response to thermal environment in Farim, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 107041–107057 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24504-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24504-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation