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Detection of bisphenols in Indian surface water, tap water, and packaged drinking water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: exposure assessment for health risk

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Abstract

The prevalence of bisphenols (BPs) has been well documented in the aquatic environment of many countries, but such studies from India are quite limited. The present work aimed to determine the occurrence of BPs in surface water (n = 96), tap water (n = 172), and packaged drinking water (n = 42) and estimate their exposure to humans. For this, a simple, sensitive, cost-effective, and green analytical chemistry method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was employed. Bisphenol A (BPA) was found as the most prevalent bisphenol (mean concentration range = 980–6470 ng/L) in all the water samples, with a % detection frequency of 17–39%. Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol Z (BPZ) were also detected in all types of water samples. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) for total BPs (tap water and packaged drinking water) was found to be 474.37 ng/kg b.w./day in adults and 665.65 ng/kg b.w./day in children, respectively. This indicated that the total exposure to all the detected BPs obtained for adults and children was lower than the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (4 μg/kg b.w./day), thereby posing no substantial risks to humans from consuming water from the tap and/or packaged drinking water.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank The Director, CSIR – Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), for providing facilities and infrastructure for the study. The authors are grateful to the CSIR-FOCUS mission for providing generous funding to execute the proposed work. Authors Kajal Karsauliya and Manisha Bhateria are thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for providing the fellowship. Authors Chandrasekharan Yahavi and Ashish Kumar Sonker are thankful to University Grant Commission (UGC) for providing the fellowship. The CSIR-IITR communication number for this manuscript is IITR/SEC/2021-2022/48.

Funding

This work was funded by the CSIR-FOCUS mission.

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Author notes

  1. Kajal Karsauliya and Manisha Bhateria contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR – Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, India

    Kajal Karsauliya, Manisha Bhateria, Ashish Kumar Sonker, Chandrasekharan Yahavi, Shashyendra Singh Gautam & Sheelendra Pratap Singh

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

    Ashish Kumar Sonker, Chandrasekharan Yahavi, Shashyendra Singh Gautam & Sheelendra Pratap Singh

  3. Biocon – Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India

    Shashyendra Singh Gautam

  4. Water and Power Consultancy Services, Gurugram, India

    Shweta Karsauliya

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  1. Kajal Karsauliya
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Contributions

Kajal Karsauliya: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing – original draft preparation. Manisha Bhateria: methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing – review and editing. Ashish Sonker: methodology, formal analysis and investigation. Chandrasekharan Yahavi: methodology, writing – original draft preparation. Shashyendra Singh Gautam: methodology. Shweta Karsauliya: graphical representation of data. Sheelendra Pratap Singh: conceptualization, experiment design, supervision, writing – review and editing, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Sheelendra Pratap Singh.

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Karsauliya, K., Bhateria, M., Sonker, A.K. et al. Detection of bisphenols in Indian surface water, tap water, and packaged drinking water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: exposure assessment for health risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 17776–17790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23293-1

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