Abstract
Population growth, industrialization, and the extensive use of chemicals in daily life have all contributed to an increase in waste generation and an intensified release of organic pollutants into the aquatic environment. To ensure the quality of water (including natural resources), the removal of these pollutants from wastewater has become a challenging task for scientific community. Conventional physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods are commonly used in combinations and are not very effective. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) emerged as the most reliable and adaptable choice for efficient water treatment due to their extraordinary material properties appearing as a single-step solution for water treatment. High surface area, exceptional porosities, hollow and layered structures, and ease of chemical activation and functionalization are some properties which makes it excellent adsorption material. Hence, this review paper discusses the recent advances in the synthesis, purification, and functionalization of CNTs for water and wastewater treatment. In addition, this study also also provides a quick overview of CNTs-based advance technologies employed in water treatment and carefully assesses the benefits versus risks during large-scale water treatment. Furthermore, it concludes that identified risks to the environment and human health cannot be easily ignored and strict regulatory requirements are a must for producing low-cost innoxious CNTs.
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References
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Acknowledgements
We thank the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for supporting this research and 2020 Yeungnam University Research Grant. We also thank our colleagues and anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions in the improvement of this work.
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Nishu Goyal: review conception, drafted the work, design and editing; Devraja Devnarayan: drafted the work and design; Alam Nawaz: visualization, review, and editing. Kuldeep Singh Chandel: drafted the work; Lalit Gupta: collected tabular data; Siddharth Singh: collected tabular data; Mohd Shariq Khan: review and visualization. Moonyong Lee: conceptualization, review and editing, Amit Kumar Sharma: review and editing.
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Highlights
• CNTs exhibit properties for the removal of target pollutants from aqueous solution.
• Water flux through CNT membranes is ~1.5-folds higher than that of RO membranes.
• Spray pyrolysis method is low cost and scalable for highly pure, well-aligned MWCNT.
• Increased durability and bio-persistence of graphitic structures are urging concern.
• Eco-risks associated with CNT production need strict safety and disposal guidelines.
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Goyal, N., Nawaz, A., Chandel, K.S. et al. A cohesive effort to assess the suitability and disparity of carbon nanotubes for water treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 124832–124853 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23137-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23137-y