Abstract
Professionals who work in operating rooms (ORs) may be exposed daily to waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) due to the use of inhalational anesthetics. Considering the controversial findings related to genetic damage and redox status in addition to a lack of knowledge about the effect of polymorphisms in genes related to phase I and II detoxification upon occupational exposure to WAGs, this cross-sectional study is the first to jointly evaluate biomarkers of genetic instability, oxidative stress, and susceptibility genes in professionals occupationally exposed to high trace amounts of halogenated (≥ 7 ppm) and nitrous oxide (165 ppm) anesthetics in ORs and in individuals not exposed to WAGs (control group). Elevated rates of buccal micronucleus (MN) and nuclear bud (NBUD) were observed in the exposure group and in professionals exposed aged more than 30 years. Exposed males showed a higher antioxidant capacity, as determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), than exposed females; exposed females had higher frequencies of MN and NBUD than nonexposed females. Genetic instability (MN) was observed in professionals with greater weekly WAG exposure, and those exposed for longer durations (years) exhibited oxidative stress (increased lipid peroxidation and decreased FRAP). Polymorphisms in metabolic genes (cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)) did not exert an effect, except for the effects of the GSTP1 (rs1695) AG/GG polymorphism on FRAP (both groups) and GSTP1 AG/GG and GSTT1 null polymorphisms, which were associated with greater FRAP values in exposed males. Minimizing WAG exposure is necessary to reduce impacts on healthcare workers.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to all participants in the study and to Lorena I. M. Carvalho and Kátina M. Souza (Brazil) for their laboratory assistance.
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This study was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP (grants #2013/05084–8, #2013/21130–0, #2016/155559–1, and #2018/20900–00), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), and Coordination of Improvement for Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). M. A. P. S. received a scholarship from CNPq (#132029/2020–0) and M. G. B. is a recipient of a fellowship from the CNPq (#304107/2018–2).
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Mariane A. P. Silva and Mariana G. Braz designed the study. Mariane A. P. Silva and Drielle B. S. Figueiredo were responsible for obtaining ethical approval, recruiting participants, and performing biological sampling. Mariane A. P. Silva, Drielle B. S. Figueiredo, and Juliana R. Lara performed the experiments. Mariane A. P. Silva, Leandro G. Braz, Eloisa E. Paschoalinotte, and Mariana G. Braz analyzed the data. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mariane A. P. Silva and Mariana G. Braz. Mariana G. Braz and Leandro G. Braz were responsible for acquiring funding. Mariana G. Braz supervised the study and administered the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Silva, M.A.P., Figueiredo, D.B.S., Lara, J.R. et al. Evaluation of genetic instability, oxidative stress, and metabolism-related gene polymorphisms in workers exposed to waste anesthetic gases. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 9609–9623 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22765-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22765-8