Abstract
Economic and industrial development results in worldwide population concentration in cities, leading to increases in impervious surfaces. Thus, the surface temperatures increase and cities are exposed to the urban heat island effect. This study analyzed the changes in the urban heat island effect in the 30 years (from 1990 to 2021) in the central district of Bartin. In this sense, there were two primary goals. Firstly, land use/land cover change, land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were analyzed by using remote sensing methods between 1990 and 2021. Secondly, a linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors associated with LST, NDVI, and NDBI. The study results revealed increases in urban surfaces and the average land surface temperature values in the past 30 years and showed a decline in the vegetation. Regression analysis results indicated a strong negative relationship between LST and NDVI and a strong positive relationship between LST and NDBI. It was also found a robust negative relationship between NDBI and NDVI. In light of the findings, it was stated that the amount of open and green areas should be increased in order to prevent the negative effects of the urban heat island in the central district of Bartin. For this purpose, it has been proposed to encourage green roof systems throughout the city, to create city parks and to create a green belt system. In addition, as a result of the study, the importance of preventing forest destruction caused by over settlement in the Mountains, which is one of the rare habitats of the world with different plant species, was emphasized. In this sense, legal sanctions should be employed to protect those areas and prevent construction.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
All authors were informed about the data quality assurance tests performed by the national service. The authors thank the supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Forest Engineering and the General Directorate of Meteorology for their prompt responses to our requests. As authors, I would like to thank my Ph.D. advisor of Bartin University and the General Forest Directorate for their support and assistance. This research has been produced from a part of Ilknur Zeren cetin’s Ph.D. dissertation in Bartin University, Institute of Science, and Department of Forest Engineering. I thank Bartin University, YOK 100/2000 Scholarship, Program of Sustainable Forestry, Institute of Graduate School, Department of Forest Engineering, Bartin, Turkey. We thank YÖK for the 100/2000 PhD Scholarship Project and TÜBİTAK for their support. Authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for facilitating the collaboration with sector representative.
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Authors would like to thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) for facilitating the collaboration with sector representative Tubitak YOK 100/2000 Scholarship.
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Zeren Cetin, I., Varol, T., Ozel, H.B. et al. The effects of climate on land use/cover: a case study in Turkey by using remote sensing data. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 5688–5699 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22566-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22566-z