Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are hazardous trace contaminants frequently observed in food ingredients, such as edible oils. This study aimed to measure PAHs in forty brands of edible oils marketed in southwest Iran. Additionally, we characterized the daily intake of MOE and ILCR using Monte Carlo simulation. To analyze the content of PAHs, the liquid-liquid extraction method followed by GC-MS was utilized. The average concentration of PAHs was mostly lower than the maximum value for individual PAH (2 μg/Kg); however, the average concentration of fluorene (3.86 μg/Kg) and benzo(a)anthracene (3.13 μg/Kg) was more than the permitted level. The highest residual concentrations of PAHs were mostly observed in canola and corn oils. The daily intake of BaP and 4-PAH for 95% of consumers was 0.01 ng/kg BW/day and 0.04 ng/kg BW/day, respectively. Also, MOE was more than 10,000 for the percentiles of 5%, 50%, and 95%. The modeled ILCR showed that consumption of oil does not currently pose a cancer risk for Iranian consumers due to PAHs exposure. Concerning potential health risks, consumption of edible oils is safe; however, regular monitoring and assessment are required.
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This research project has been financially supported by the Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences (Grant Number: 9711) (Ethics Code: IR.BHN.REC.1397.010).
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Gelavizh Barzegar: designing the study, formal analysis methodology, supervision and editing; Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary: analyzing data, writing – original draft; Moein Bashiry: conducting experiments, analyzing data; Nematollah Jaafarzadeh: supervision and editing; Farshid Ghanbari: language editing; Ghodratollah Shakerinejad: language editing; Masoumeh Khatebasreh: conducting experiments; Mohamad Sabaghan: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing
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Barzegar, G., Rezaei Kalantary, R., Bashiry, M. et al. Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and potential health risk to consumers using Monte Carlo simulation, southwest Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 5126–5136 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22446-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22446-6