Abstract
Composites of titanium (IV) oxide combined with montmorillonite (MMT) with various TiO2/MMT were prepared for photocatalysis application. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main influential factors such as the TiO2/MMT dose, calcined temperature, and pH value of the solution were studied. The main intermediates of phenol degradation were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the average size of TiO2 nanoparticles was decreased from 22.51 to 10.66 nm through the immobilization on MMT. The components in the interlayer domain were replaced by titanium pillars, and the pillaring reaction proceeded in the interlayer domain, the basic skeleton of MMT was unchanged, and TiO2 was dispersed on the surface of the MMT. When the initial concentration of phenol is 10 mg/L, the phenol solution pH is 6, and the UV light irradiation time is 240 min; the phenol degradation rate of 30%TiO2/MMT composite is 89.8%, which is better than MMT (11.5%) and pure TiO2 (58.8%). It shows that TiO2 loaded on MMT improves its photocatalytic activity. The phenol reaction process detected by HPLC showed that it had undergone through hydroquinone and benzoquinone, and finally converted into maleic acid and carbon dioxide and small molecules. The possible photocatalysis mechanism is presented.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen Ke, Li J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Haiquan Su (2011) The preparation of vanadium-doped TiO2–montmorillonite nanocomposites and the photodegradation of sulforhodamine B under visible light irradiation [J]. Appl Surf Sci 257:7276–7285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.03.104
Chen D, Zhu Q, Zhou F, Deng X, Li F (2012) Synthesis and photocatalytic performances of the TiO2 pillared montmorillonite [J]. J Hazard Mater 235–236:186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.038
Damardji B, Khalaf H, Duclaux L, David B (2009) Preparation of TiO2-pillared montmorillonite as photocatalyst Part I. Microwave calcination, characterisation, and adsorption of a textile azo dye [J]. Appl Clay Sci 44:201–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.12.010
Djellabi R, Ghorab MF, Cerrato G, Morandi S, Gatto S, Oldani V, Di Michele A, Bianchi CL (2014) Photoactive TiO2–montmorillonite composite for degradation of organic dyes in water [J]. J Photochem Photobiol, A 295:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.08.017
Djouadi L, Khalaf H, Boukhatem H, Boutoumi H, Kezzime A, Santaballa JA, Canle M (2018) Degradation of aqueous ketoprofen by heterogeneous photocatalysis using Bi2S3/TiO2–Montmorillonite nanocomposites under simulated solar irradiation [J]. Appl Clay Sci 166:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.09.008
Górska P, Zaleska A, Hupka J (2009) Photodegradation of phenol by UV/TiO2 and Vis/N, C-TiO2 processes: comparative mechanistic and kinetic studies [J]. Sep Purif Technol 68:90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.04.012
Gundogdu A, Celal Duran H, Senturk B, Soylak M, Ozdes D, Serencam H, Imamoglu M (2012) Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution on a low-cost activated carbon produced from tea industry waste: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study [J]. Chem Eng Data 57:2733–2743. https://doi.org/10.1021/je300597
Han Z, Choi C, Hong S, Wu T-S, Soo Y-L, Jung Y (2019) Activated TiO2 with tuned vacancy for efficient electrochemical nitrogen reduction [J]. Appl Catal B: Environ 257:117896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117896
Hassani A, Khataee A, Karaca S (2015) Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles on montmorillonite: effect of operation parameters and artificial neural network modeling [J]. J Mol Catal a: Chem 409:149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2015.08.020
Li C, Zhu N, Yang S, He X, Zheng S, Sun Z, Dionysiou DD (2021) A review of clay based photocatalysts: role of phyllosilicate mineral in interfacial assembly, microstructure control and performance regulation [J]. Chemosphere 273:129723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129723
Liu YX, Zhang X, Guo L, Wu F, Deng NS (2008) Photodegradation of bisphenol A in the montmorillonite KSF suspended solutions [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:7141–7146. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800169c
Makrigianni V, Giannakas A, Daikopoulos C, Deligiannakis Y, Konstantinou I (2015) Prepar-tion, characterization and photocatalytic performance of pyrolytic-tire-char/TiO2 composites, toward phenol oxidation in aqueous solutions. Appl Catal B 174:244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.03.007
Mogyoròsi K, Dékány I, Fendler JH (2003) Preparation and characterization of clay mineral intercalated titanium dioxide nanoparticles [J]. Langmuir 19:2938–2946. https://doi.org/10.1021/la025969a
Muniandy L, Adam F (2014) Abdul Rahman Mohamed, Eng-Poh Ng, The synthesis and characterization of high purity mixed microporous/mesoporous activated carbon from rice husk using chemical activation with NaOH and KOH [J]. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 197:316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.06.020
Ooka C, Yoshida H, Horio M, Suzuki K, Hattori T (2003) Adsorptive and photocatalytic performance of TiO2 pillared montmorillonite in degradation of endocrine disruptors having different hydrophobicity [J]. Appl Catal B 41:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00169-8
Ouachtak H, El Guerdaoui A, Haounati R, Akhouairi S, El Haouti R, Hafid N, Addi AA, Šljukic B, Santos DMF, LabdTaha M (2021) Highly efficient and fast batch adsorption of orange G dye from polluted water using superb organo-montmorillonite: Experimental study and molecular dynamics investigation. J Mol Liq 335:116560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124125
Parayil SK, Kibombo HS, Wu C-M, Peng R, Baltrusaitis J, Koodali RT (2012) Enhanced photocatalytic water splitting activity of carbon-modified TiO2 composite materials synthesized by a green synthetic approach [J]. Int J Hydrog Energy 37:8257–8267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.067
Rasalingama S, Kibombo HS, Chia-Ming Wu, Peng R, Baltrusaitis J, Koodali RT (2014) Competitive role of structural properties of titania–silica mixed oxides and a mechanistic study of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol [J]. Appl Catal B 148–149:394–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.11.025
Sun H, Peng T, Liu Bo, Xian H (2015) Effects of montmorillonite on phase transition and size of TiO2 nanoparticles in TiO2/montmorillonite nanocomposites [J]. Appl Clay Sci 114:440–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.06.026
Turki A, Guillard C, Dappozze F, Ksibi Z (2015) GillesBerhault, Hafedh Kochkar, Phenol photocatalytic degradation over anisotropic TiO2nanomaterials: kinetic study, adsorption isotherms and formal mechanisms [J]. Appl Catal B 163:404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.010
Wang X, Huang S, Zhu L, Tian X, Li S, Tang H (2014) Correlation between the adsorption ability and reduction degree of graphene oxide and tuning of adsorption of phenolic compounds [J]. Carbon 69:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.070
Wang R, Ma Q, Zhao Z, Ye X, Jin Q, Zhao Z, Liu Ji (2019) Adsorption of surfactants on coal surfaces in the coking wastewater environment: kinetics and effects on the slurrying properties of coking wastewater–coal slurry [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(28):12825–12834. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01829
Yuan L, Huang D, Guo W, Yang Q, Jiang Yu (2011) TiO2/montmorillonite nanocomposite for removal of organic pollutant [J]. Appl Clay Sci 53:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.03.013
Zhang P, Mo Z, Han L, Zhu X, Wang Bo, Zhang C (2014) Preparation and photocatalytic performance of magnetic TiO2/montmorillonite/Fe3O4 nanocomposites [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:8057–8061. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie5001696
Funding
The present study was supported by the Joint Project of Basic Agricultural Research Fund of Yunnan Province (2018FG001-051) and Open fund of Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China (2021-KF02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, H., Yao, Y., Yang, X. et al. Degradation of phenol by photocatalysis using TiO2/montmorillonite composites under UV light. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 68293–68305 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20638-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20638-8