Abstract
Sand production remains a huge obstacle in many oil and gas fields around the world, but the hazards of contaminants riding on the produced sand are often not emphasised. Improper disposal of the sand could see the toxic leaching into the environment including the food chain, endangering all living organisms. The impending sand production from an oilfield offshore Sabah also suffers from the lack of hazards identification; hence, this study was conducted to assess the contaminant on the produced sand. Sand samples were collected from multiple wells in the area, with the contaminants extracted using n-hexane and subjected to chemical and thermal analyses. FTIR and GC–MS detected traces of harmful pollutants like naphthalene, amine substances, cyclohexanol, and short-chain alkanes. It was discovered that the volatile fraction of the contaminants was able to evaporate at 33 °C, while high energy was needed to remove 100% of the contaminants from the sand. Overall, the produced sand from the oilfield was unsafe and required treatment before it could be dumped or used.
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Acknowledgements
Our sincere gratitude to the Group Research & Technology PETRONAS, especially Maung Maung Myo Thant and Mohammad Faizal Che Daud for the insights.
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Our utmost appreciation to Universiti Teknologi MARA for funding this research through LESTARI Research Grant (600-RMC/MYRA 5/3/LESTARI (040/2020)).
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MSMS as the main author performed the experiment and wrote the manuscript; TMYSTY and MZA supervised all the laboratory work; and SZ provided the sample and context, while MZS, NHO, NHA, TATM, and RWS co-wrote the discussion section. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Shayuti, M.S., Zainal, S., Ya, T.M.Y.S.T. et al. Assessment of contaminants in sand production from petroleum wells offshore Sabah. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 17122–17128 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20389-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20389-6