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Performance enhancement of the photovoltaic system with different cooling methods

  • Review Article
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Abstract

Solar energy has been a vital renewable energy source for humanity for decades. Researchers have proposed many strategies to harness the same but solar photovoltaic (PV) is the only technology which has reached commercial scale and highly successful in meeting renewable energy goals of many countries. The major drawback of PV systems is that increase in the temperature of solar cell of the PV module beyond the threshold limit brings down its electrical efficiency (EE). Hence, this review paper discusses the different cooling techniques responsible for reducing the cell temperature, which in turn increases not only its EE, but also collection of the thermal energy that is otherwise considered to dampen the performance of the PV system. A brief study on PV with air cooling, photovoltaic thermal (PVT) with water cooling, PVT/PCM with and without fins, PVT integrated with nanofluids has been done in this review paper. PVT hybrid systems are the need of hour to get the optimum efficiency. Amongst the PVT systems, the performance analysis of PV integrated with the nanofluid is discussed and it is found to give the maximum cell temperature reduction. Since reduction in the cell temperature directly relates to better efficiency, PVT system using nanofluid as a cooling medium gives the best overall efficiency (OE) followed by PVT system incorporating water and air respectively. This review paper also gives spotlight to the real-time usages of PCM and nanofluids for the effective cooling ability especially in the case of PV module.

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Data availability

All data are given in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

C :

Specific heat capacity, kJ/kg K

D :

Equivalent diameter

EE:

Electrical efficiency

TE:

Thermal efficiency

OE:

Overall efficiency

F :

Packing factor

W :

Width, m

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K

I :

Solar radiation intensity, W/m2

L :

Length, m

ṁ :

Mass flow rate, kg/s

T :

Temperature, K

U :

Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K

x :

Distance in flowing direction, m

α :

Absorption coefficient

η :

Photovoltaic efficiency

β :

Temperature coefficient of PCM

τ :

Transmission coefficient

F` :

Flat plate collector efficiency factor

ρ :

Density

V :

Volume

Φ :

Nanofluid volume fraction

Nu :

Nusselt number

Re :

Reynold’s number

Pe :

Pecklet number

Pr :

Prandle number

k :

Thermal conductivity W/m K

A :

Cross-sectional area

δ :

Thickness of the material

σ :

Stefan–Boltzman constant (5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4)

ε :

Emissivity of glass

t :

Time

μ :

Viscosity of fluid

κ :

Boltzman constant

a :

Ambient

b :

Backplane

c :

Solar cell

g :

Glass

p :

PCM layer

ref :

Reference value at reference conditions

w :

Water

f :

Fluid

c :

Coil tube through which fluid flows

np :

Nanoparticle

bf :

Base fluid

nf :

Nanofluid

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to CST U.P. (Council of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of U.P.) for giving research grant under CST, UP Engineering Students’ Project Grant Scheme 2019-20 (Project ID-69). We are also thankful to Shiv Nadar University for providing research facilities and environment in the campus.

Funding

CST U.P. (Council of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of U.P.) for giving research grant under CST, UP Engineering Students’ Project Grant Scheme 2019–20 (Project ID-69).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sumit Tiwari, Muthukarupan Swaminathan, Santhosh Eashwar S &  Harender

  2. Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University, Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, UK, India

    Desh Bandhu Singh

Authors
  1. Sumit Tiwari
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  2. Muthukarupan Swaminathan
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  3. Santhosh Eashwar S
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  4. Harender
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  5. Desh Bandhu Singh
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Contributions

Sumit Tiwari-conceptualization, formal analysis and investigation, original draft preparation, and review.

Muthukarupan Swaminathan-formal analysis and investigation, and original draft preparation.

Santhosh Eashwar S-formal analysis and investigation, and original draft preparation.

Harender-review and editing, formal analysis, and investigation.

Desh Bandhu Singh-review and editing, formal analysis, and investigation.

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Correspondence to Sumit Tiwari.

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Tiwari, S., Swaminathan, M., S, S.E. et al. Performance enhancement of the photovoltaic system with different cooling methods. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 45107–45130 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20330-x

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