Abstract
Phoxim is one of the main organophosphorus pesticides used in agricultural production. However, little information is known about how it affects the aquatic microbial community and the intestinal microbiota of fish. Herein, we utilized shotgun metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to reveal the aquatic eco-risk of phoxim. Seven days of phoxim exposure significantly changed the composition of aquatic microbial community, obliterated the interactions between microorganisms, and thus reduced the complexity and stability of the microbial community. During long-time exposure (i.e., 14 days), most of the ecological functions were restored due to the redundancy of the microbial community. However, phoxim exposure promoted the dissemination of elfamycin resistance gene. The zebrafish gut microbial community also recovered from a temporary ecological disorder of aquatic microbiota, but phoxim continually affected zebrafish growth and swimming behavior. Overall, our results demonstrated that phoxim exposure significantly changed the structure and function of the microbial community and displayed a negative impact on freshwater ecosystems in a short exposure time.
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Data availability
The high-throughput partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing data generated in this study were deposited in the NCBI under SRA number PRJNA796190.
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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21976161, 22176176, 21777144).
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Jinfeng Zhang: methodology, investigation, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing. Qi Zhang: investigation, writing – original Draft. Zhenyan Zhang: formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft. Zhigao Zhou: methodology, software. Tao Lu: investigation, validation, writing – original draft. Liwei Sun: methodology, formal analysis. Haifeng Qian: conceptualization, writing – review and editing, funding acquisition.
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Zhang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z. et al. Evaluation of phoxim toxicity on aquatic and zebrafish intestinal microbiota by metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 63017–63027 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20325-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20325-8