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Impact of air pollution on outdoor cultural heritage objects and decoding the role of particulate matter: a critical review

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Abstract

Atmospheric gases and particulate matter (PM) in contact with the material’s surface lead to chemical and physical changes, which in most cases cause degradation of the cultural heritage material. Atmospheric damage and soiling are recognized as two pivotal forms of deterioration of cultural heritage materials caused by air pollution. However, the atmospheric damage effect of PM is rather complicated; its variable composition accelerates the deterioration process. Considering this, one of the important contributions of this work is to review the existing knowledge on PM influence on atmospheric damage, further recognize, and critically evaluate the main gaps in current understanding. The second phenomenon related to cultural heritage material and PM pollution is soiling. Even if soiling was recognized long ago, its definition and knowledge have not changed much for several decades. In the past, it was believed that black carbon (BC) was the primary soiling agent and that the change of the lightness could effectively measure the soiling. With the change of pollution situation, the lightness measurements do not represent the degree of soiling correctly. The additional contribution of this work is thus, the critical evaluation of soiling measurements, and accordingly, due to the change of pollution situation, redefinition of soiling is proposed. Even though numerous studies have treated soiling and atmospheric damage separately, there is an overlap between these two processes. No systematic studies exist on the synergy between soiling and atmospheric damage caused by atmospheric PM.

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Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges dr. Božidar Ogorevc and dr. Palma Orlović-Leko for reading the manuscript and for the fruitful discussion.

Samo Hočevar: writing — review & editing, funding acquisition.

Eva Menart: writing — review & editing.

Ivana Drventić: discussion, manuscript editing.

Irena Grgić: discussion, writing — review & editing.

Ana Kroflič: discussion, writing — review & editing, funding acquisition.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (Contract No. P1-0034 and project Impact of PM Pollution on cultural Heritage, J1-1707 (C), and the Croatian Research Agency (IP-2018–01-1717 MARRES).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Kristijan Vidović, Samo Hočevar, Ivana Drventić, Irena Grgić & Ana Kroflič

  2. National Museum of Slovenia, Muzejska ulica 1, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Eva Menart

  3. Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Eva Menart

Authors
  1. Kristijan Vidović
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  2. Samo Hočevar
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  3. Eva Menart
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  4. Ivana Drventić
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  5. Irena Grgić
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  6. Ana Kroflič
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Contributions

Kristijan Vidović: conceptualization, writing-original draft, writing-review & editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristijan Vidović.

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Vidović, K., Hočevar, S., Menart, E. et al. Impact of air pollution on outdoor cultural heritage objects and decoding the role of particulate matter: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 46405–46437 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20309-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20309-8

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