Abstract
Pollution levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in the El Sol and the La Luna alpine lakes. The lakes are located in central Mexico, in the crater of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. The El Sol and the La Luna lakes are extremely relevant in Mexico and in the world because they are recognized as pristine regions and environmental reservoirs. Samples of atmospheric aerosol, sediment, plankton, and Tubifex tubifex (sludge worm) were collected at three different sample locations for three years (2017, 2018, and 2019) at three different times of year, meaning that the weather conditions at the time of sampling were different. Pollutants were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionisation (GC–MS/NCI). Endosulfan was the most frequent and abundant pollutant, showing the highest peaks of all. Atmospheric aerosol revealed Σ2 = 45 pg/m3, including α and β, while sediment lakes displayed α, β and endosulfan sulfate as Σ3 = 1963 pg/g, whereas plankton and Tubifex tubifex showed Σ2 = 576 pg/g and 540 pg/g for α and β respectively. Results of endosulfan ratios (α/β) and (α-β/endosulfan sulfate) suggest that both fresh and old discharges continue to arrive at the lakes. This study shows for the first time the pollution levels of OCP and PCB in high mountain lakes in Mexico. These results that must be considered by policy makers to mitigate their use in the various productive activities of the region.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Commission of Natural and Protected Areas (CONANP) for the permission and ease of sampling in the El Sol and La Luna lakes of Nevado de Toluca volcano. The authors also thank Margarita Martínez Dominguez and Alejandro Núñez Vilchis for their technical assistance in instrumental analysis and data analysis.
Funding
This study was supported by the Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM 41222010 and 41571463) and Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales y Protegidas (CONANP, CAS2011067).
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Conceptualization: C.M., I de la R-G., and O.A.M.; methodology: C.M. and I. de la R-G.; formal analysis: C.M., O.A-M., and G.P–V.; investigation, L.G-S and G.P–V.; resources, C.M. and L.G-S.; writing—original draft preparation, C.M. and L.G-S.; writing—review and editing, C.M. and O.A-M.; funding acquisition, C.M. and L.G-S.
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García-Solorio, L., Muro, C., De La Rosa, I. et al. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in high mountain lakes, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 49291–49308 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19177-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19177-z