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Removal of Cd2+ from water containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ using titanate nanotubes modified by carbon

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Abstract

Calcium and magnesium ions usually exist in natural water. When Cd2+ is removed from water by adsorption, it will be inhibited by these two ions. Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) have an effective adsorption capacity for Cd2+ due to extraordinary ion exchange property. However, TNTs also adsorb Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water. In this study, carbon-modified TNT (TNT/C) and TNT/C further treated with acid (TNT/HC) were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show that TNT/C or TNT/HC still keep nanotube morphology. The experimental results show the order of adsorption amount to Cd2+ is TNT (171.56 mg/g) > TNT/C (166 mg/g) > TNT/HC (159.88 mg/g) when there is no Ca2+ or Mg2+. But when there is 0.1 M Ca2+ or Mg2+ in the water, the order of Cd2+ adsorption capacity becomes TNT/HC (44.28, 49.04 mg/g) > TNT/C (58.84, 69.32 mg/g) > TNT (65.52, 70.6 mg/g). It indicates that the surface carbon modification can alleviate the hindrance of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to Cd2+ removal. This is because the carbon on the surface of TNT captured part of Ca2+ or Mg2+; it made more Cd2+ be successfully absorbed by TNT through ion exchange. This mechanism was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra analysis. The results of this paper can provide ideas for the adsorption and removal of Cd2+ in water in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+.

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Funding

The project gets the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21676137 and No. 21838004).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China

    Mingda Wu, Linghong Lu, Tao Zhou, Yi Ma & Zhengsong Weng

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  1. Mingda Wu
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  2. Linghong Lu
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  3. Tao Zhou
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  4. Yi Ma
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  5. Zhengsong Weng
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Contributions

Mingda Wu: conceptualization, methodology, sample preparation, writing–original draft. Linghong Lu: supervision, writing, validation. Tao Zhou: data curation, calculation, Yi Ma: investigation, drawing. Zhengsong Weng: reviewing, editing.

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Correspondence to Linghong Lu.

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Wu, M., Lu, L., Zhou, T. et al. Removal of Cd2+ from water containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ using titanate nanotubes modified by carbon. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 44794–44805 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19002-7

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