Abstract
In order to solve the issues of caking, loss, and effluent color reversion in the application of traditional microelectrolysis, the iron-walnut shell powder microelectrolytic spherical filler was developed in this paper. The filler was prepared by walnut shell powder, iron powder, sodium silicate, and sodium humate activated by ZnCl2 as raw materials and calcined at high temperature. The effects of the mass ratios of Fe to walnut shell powder, sodium silicate content, sodium humate content, calcination temperature, and time on the removal rate of methylene blue by the spherical fillers were investigated, so as to determine the optimal preparation conditions of the spherical fillers. The pore-forming structure and the composition of the spherical fillers were also analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy spectrometer (EDS). The results show that the optimal preparation conditions for the spherical fillers of 5 mm are as follows: the mass ratio of iron powder to walnut shell powder treated by 15% ZnCl2 is 1:1, sodium silicate is 15%, sodium humate is 20%, the calcination temperature is 800 °C, and the calcination time is 3 h. Compared with the conventional microelectrolysis, the removal rate of methylene blue by the spherical fillers can finally reach the same level as it did, and the phenomena of the filler hardening and clogging can be avoided.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Agrafioti E, Bouras G, Kalderis D et al (2013) Biochar production by sewage sludge pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 101:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.02.010
An ZY, Wang YY, Xu XJ (2013) Internal electrolysis intensified by microwave for the treatment of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater. Advanced Materials Research 641–642:178–182. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.641-642.178
Chen B, Tian X, Yu L et al (2016) Removal of pigments from molasses wastewater by combining micro-electrolysis with biological treatment method. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 39(12):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1661-2
Chen G, Li K, Omran M et al (2020) Investigations on the microwave absorption properties and thermal behavior of vanadium slag: improvement in microwave oxidation roasting for recycling vanadium and chromium. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122698
Chen G, Omran M, Li K et al (2021) Kinetics characteristics and microwave reduction behavior of walnut shell-pyrolusite blends. Biores Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124172
Cheng H, Du Y, Wang B et al (2018) Flexible cellulose-based thermoelectric sponge towards wearable pressure sensor and energy harvesting. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.134
Ding S, Chen X, Wang J (2013a) Study on the biochemical properties of Fenton oxidation and micro electrolysis for the treatment of dye wastewater. China Leather 42(19):1–5+14. https://doi.org/10.13536/j.cnki.issn1001-6813.2013.19.023
Ding S, Wang J Du H (2013b) Comparison of the effects of iron-carbon micro electrolysis and the Fenton oxidation method in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition) 41(01):97–102. https://doi.org/10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2013.01.007
Ding S, Jia S, Wang J (2016) Effect of Fenton oxidation and micro electrolysis on the biochemical properties of tannin wastewater. China Leather 45(01):10–14. https://doi.org/10.13536/j.cnki.issn1001-6813.2016-001-003
Ding S, Wang J, Xie L (2017) Study on the backwashing characteristics of walnut shell and ceramic pellet aeration biofilter. Environmental Pollution and Prevention, 39(08):841–844. https://doi.org/10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2017.08.006
Ding S, Yang Q, Xie L, et al (2018) Research on the removal of ammonia nitrogen by walnut shell-pottery grain packed aeration biofilter. Environmental Pollution and Prevention 40(01):1–5+32. https://doi.org/10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2018.01.001
Du Jiayao. (2014) Preparation and physicochemical properties of biochar from wetlands on the Napa Sea Plateau. Dissertation, Kunming University of Technology
Han Y, Li H, Liu M et al (2016) Purification treatment of dyes wastewater with a novel micro-electrolysis reactor. Sep Purif Technol 170:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.058
Hu Q, Zhenli D, Zhou He (2012) Preparation of activated carbon from the chestnut shell and its decolorization of activated bright orange. Dyeing Auxiliaries 29(04):32–34
Hu S, Wu Y, Yao H et al (2016) Enhanced Fenton-like removal of nitrobenzene via internal micro-electrolysis in nano zerovalent iron/activated carbon composite. Water Sci Technol 73(1):153–160. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.467
Huang Lirong. (2012) Optimization of the binder formulation process for humic acid coal. China Nitrogen Fertilizer (02):16–19. https://doi.org/10.16612/j.cnki.issn1004-9932.2012.02.021
Keiluweit M, Nico PS, Johnson MG et al (2010) Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environ Sci Technol 44(4):1247–1253. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9031419
Kenneth SW, Sing, et al. (2009) Physisorption hysteresis loops and the characterization of nanoporous materials. Adsorption Science & Technology 22(10): 773-782https://doi.org/10.1260/0263617053499032
Li C, Bian C, Han Y et al (2016) Mullite whisker reinforced porous anorthite ceramics with low thermal conductivity and high strength. J Eur Ceram Soc 36(3):761–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.10.002
Li K, Chen J, Chen G et al (2019a) Microwave dielectric properties and thermochemical characteristics of the mixtures of walnut shell and manganese ore. Biores Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121381
Li K, Chen G, Chen J et al (2019b) Microwave pyrolysis of walnut shell for reduction process of low-grade pyrolusite. Biores Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121838
Li K, Chen G, Li X et al (2019c) High-temperature dielectric properties and pyrolysis reduction characteristics of different biomass-pyrolusite mixtures in microwave field. Biores Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122217
Li K, Chen J, Peng J et al (2020) Efficient improvement for dissociation behavior and thermal decomposition of manganese ore by microwave calcination. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121074
Li P, Liu Z, Wang X et al (2017) Enhanced decolorization of methyl orange in aqueous solution using iron-carbon micro-electrolysis activation of sodium persulfate. Chemosphere 180:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.019
Ling Z, Chunli K, Tao T et al (2017) Preparation of a mix-based activated carbon from cornstalk and walnut shell by ZnCl2 activatio. Sci Technol Eng 17(23):115–121. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.23.019
Liu B (2015) Preparation of rice husk activated carbon by composite activator and its comprehensive utilization. Dissertation, Nanjing Forestry University
Liu CY, Tuan WH, Chen SC (2015) Preparation of porous SiC ceramics for thermal dissipation purposes. Ceram Int 41(3):4564–4568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.11.154
Liu G, Zhou Y, Liu Z et al (2016) Efficient nitrate removal using micro-electrolysis with zero valent iron/activated carbon nanocomposite. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 91(12):2942–2949. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4910
Li K, Chen J, Peng J et al (2019d) Dielectric properties and thermal behavior of electrolytic manganese anode mud in microwave field. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121227
Uchimiya M, Wartelle LH, Klasson KT et al (2011) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil. J Agric Food Chem 59(6):2501–2510. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104206c
Wu L, Liao L, Lv G et al (2013) Micro-electrolysis of Cr (VI) in the nanoscale zero-valent iron loaded activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 254–255:277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.009
Xiao J, Gao B, Yue Q et al (2015) Characterization of nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on granular activated carbon and its application in removal of acrylonitrile from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 55:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.010
Xu X, Cheng Y, Zhang T et al (2016) Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using interior micro-electrolysis/Fenton oxidation-coagulation and biological degradation. Chemosphere 152:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.100
Yin Meilan (2016) Development of two kinds of ternary micro electrolytic fillers and their properties. Dissertation, Shenyang University of Technology
Zhang L, Yue Q, Yang K et al (2018) Enhanced phosphorus and ciprofloxacin removal in a modified BAF system by configuring Fe-C micro electrolysis: Investigation on pollutants removal and degradation mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 342:705–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.010
Zhang X, Dong W, Sun F et al (2014) Degradation efficiency and mechanism of azo dye RR2 by a novel ozone aerated internal micro-electrolysis filter. J Hazard Mater 276:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.010
Zhang Xiangqian, Hou Guojun, Zhang Yuhu, et al. (2017) Structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of biochar prepared from rice straw of different origins. Environ Eng 35(09):122–126. https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.201709024
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DSL designed the experiment; YSN and LNN performed the experiments and analyzed the data; YSN and RHJ reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Consent to participate
All participants in this study consent to participation.
Consent to publish
All authors consent to this publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• Recycling utilization of agricultural waste.
• New filler that can replace conventional microelectrolyte fillers are prepared.
• Solve the issues of caking, loss, and effluent color reversion in the application of traditional microelectrolysis.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ding, S., Yan, S., Li, N. et al. The preparation and properties of iron-walnut shell powder microelectrolytic spherical fillers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 27084–27094 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18356-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18356-8