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Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

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Abstract

Dermal contact with dust is commonly considered an important pathway of exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), but the importance of OPE uptake from diet is unclear. Herein, we used hand wipes to estimate OPE exposure from indoor dust and examined whether urinary OPE metabolite concentrations were influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, OPE amount in hand wipes, and dietary factors. OPEs were measured in urine and hand wipes from 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents (n=929) in Liuzhou, China. Sociodemographic and dietary factors were obtained from questionnaire. Six OPE metabolites were detected in >70% of the urine samples, and seven OPEs were detected in >50% of the hand wipes. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using urinary OPE metabolites to investigate the total daily intake of OPEs, in which 0.36–10.1% of the total intake was attributed to the exposure from dermal absorption. In multivariate linear regression models, sex, age, and maternal education were significant predictors of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is positively associated with its parent compounds 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in hand wipes. High versus low vegetable intake was associated with a 23.7% higher DPHP (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51%, 52.1%). Barreled water drinking was associated with a 30.4% (95% CI: 11.8%, 52.0%) increase in bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) compared to tap water drinking. Our results suggested the widespread exposure to OPEs in children and adolescents. In addition to dermal absorption, dietary intake may be an important exposure source of certain OPEs.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all collaborators and participants in this project.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42077397; 21577043).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China

    Meng Yu, Xiang Li, Yaping Li, Ling Liu, Limei Wang, Lulu Song, Youjie Wang & Surong Mei

  2. Department of Women’s Healthcare, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China

    Bingqing Liu

  3. Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Lulu Song & Youjie Wang

  4. Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Liqin Hu

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  1. Meng Yu
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  2. Xiang Li
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Contributions

Project development: YW and SM. Data collection and management: BL, LH, and LS. Sample testing: MY, XL, YL, LL, and LW. Data analysis: MY, LS, and LH. Manuscript writing/editing: MY and LH. Supervision: SM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Liqin Hu or Surong Mei.

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Ethical approvals were obtained from Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Informed consent was provided by the participant’s parents prior to enrollment.

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Yu, M., Li, X., Liu, B. et al. Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 39310–39322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18334-0

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