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Environmental endocrine disruptor concentrations in urine samples from Mexican Indigenous women

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Abstract

The Indigenous communities in Mexico show significant degrees of vulnerability to pollution due to the lack of knowledge of health risks, traditions, low levels of support, and restricted access to healthcare. As a result, exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors increases in these populations through plastic components or indoor air pollution. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the exposure to phthalate metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene, and bisphenol A through biomonitoring data from indigenous Mexican women. A total of 45 women from the Tocoy community in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, were included. Urine samples were analyzed for Bisphenol A and 4 phthalate metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography couples to tandem mass spectrometry; additionally, the 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector. Among the main pollution sources were the use of plastic containers and burning garbage (98–100%). Indigenous women presented an exposure of 100% to mono-2-ethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, and 1-hydroxypyrene, with a median (25th–75th percentiles) of 17,478 (11,362–37,355), 113.8 (61.7–203.5), and 1.2 (0.9–1.7) µg/g creatinine, respectively. The major findings show urinary mono-2-ethyl phthalate concentrations higher than those measured from other studies. Therefore, these results show an impressive exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Indigenous women. The current study reflects the absence of regulatory policies in marginalized populations. It highlights the need to design strategies that mitigate exposure and the importance of biological monitoring to evaluate and prevent health risk associated with exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors.

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Funding

The authors acknowledge grants and fellowships from the National Council on Science and Technology- Sectoral Research Fund for Education Basic-Science # A1-S-28176.

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología,A1-S-28176,Rogelio Flores-Ramírez

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #6 Ave. Manuel Nava, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

    Ana Socorro Rodríguez-Báez, Susanna Edith Medellín-Garibay, Julia Sagahón-Azúa & Rosa del Carmen Milán-Segoviaa

  2. Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de Quintana Roo, MéxicoCenter for Applied Research in Environment and Health, CIACYT, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Quintana Roo, Mexico

    Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar

  3. Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, #550 Ave. Sierra Leona, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

    Rogelio Flores-Ramírez

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  1. Ana Socorro Rodríguez-Báez
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  2. Susanna Edith Medellín-Garibay
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  3. Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar
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  6. Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
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Contributions

ASRB: Conceptualization, Sampling, Analytical methods, Writing and Editing. SEMG: Conceptualization and Analytical methods, Writing and Editing. MRA: Conceptualization and Analytical methods. JSA: Conceptualization and Analytical methods. RCMS: Analytical methods. RFR: Conceptualization, Sampling, Analytical methods, Writing and Editing and Funding.

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Correspondence to Susanna Edith Medellín-Garibay or Rogelio Flores-Ramírez.

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Rodríguez-Báez, A.S., Medellín-Garibay, S.E., Rodríguez-Aguilar, M. et al. Environmental endocrine disruptor concentrations in urine samples from Mexican Indigenous women. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 38645–38656 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18197-5

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